torture entails the deliberate infliction of severe physical and mental pain and suffering through cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment and punishment to silence individuals and oppositions to the ruling authorities. such victims experience mental death, difficulties in coping, memory and concentration impairment, loss of core beliefs, feelings of shame and guilt, mental defeat, and alienatio...

growing number of evidence indicates that individuals' motivational structure - the patterning of an individual's way of relating to goals - plays an important role in increasing the risk of alcohol use. adaptive motivational structure which includes pursuit of important, subjectively attainable, alcohol-unrelated goals is inversely related to substance use. the strength of this relationship in...

OBJECTIVE Although personality disorder not otherwise specified (PDNOS) is highly prevalent and associated with a high burden of disease, only a few treatment studies in this patient group exist. This study is the first to investigate the effectiveness of different modalities of psychotherapy in patients with PDNOS, i.e., short-term (up to 6 months) and long-term (more than 6 months) outpatient...

PURPOSE To examine whether differences exist between rural and urban veterans in terms of initiation of psychotherapy, delay in time from diagnosis to treatment, and dose of psychotherapy sessions. METHODS Using a longitudinal cohort of veterans obtained from national Veterans Affairs databases (October 2003 through September 2004), we extracted veterans with a new diagnosis of depression, an...

In this introduction to the JCLP: In Session 69(11) issue on attachment theory and psychotherapy, the key points of attachment theory (Bowlby, , , 1981) and its relevance to psychotherapy are briefly described. The aim of this issue is to provide case illustrations of how an attachment theory perspective and principles can expand our understanding of psychotherapy practice.

The purpose of this study is to examine the problems transference and countertransference between therapist client in sandplay therapy process. Transference are important therapeutic functions psychotherapy. Lowenfeld first mentioned through a debate with psychoanalysts about psychotherapy, Kalff emphasized importance expression