With the increase in varieties products and increasing uncertainty about product demand, production preparation time is a significant factor addressing these issues. The trade-off between reduction of associated cost remains critical decision. this backdrop, study presents continuous review production-inventory model with variable time-dependent setup cost. demand during captured through min-ma...

In a supply chain with product outsourcing, it is crucial to identify which firm implements corporate social responsibility (CSR) leads higher CSR effort level, quality quantity of outsourced products, and profits for members. response this question, we consider decentralized an upstream contract manufacturer (CM) downstream original equipment (OEM). relationship, the OEM outsources CM determin...

This research proposes a mathematical model in piecewise objective integer with quadratic programming to accommodate discount purchase, holding and transport costs on an integrated inventory control supplier selection problem. The proposed can be used determine the optimal decision, specifically, quantity of product ordered by decision maker stored should have minimal effect total cost. To eval...

– All-unit order frequency discount • 94%-effective policy for a variable base period – Incremental order frequency discount • 94%-effective policy for a fixed base period • 98%-effective policy for a variable base period Introduction • A supply chain is a network of facilities that procure raw materials, transform them into intermediate goods and then final products, and deliver the products t...

T paper studies a buyer’s procurement strategies in a two-stage supply chain with price-sensitive demand. The buyer procures a product from a supplier and then sells to the marketplace. Market demand is stochastic and depends on the buyer’s selling price. The supplier’s production cost is private information, and the buyer only knows the distribution of the cost. Both the buyer and the supplier...

This paper studies a buyer’s procurement strategies in a two-stage supply chain with price-sensitive demand. The buyer procures a product from a supplier and then sells to the marketplace. Market demand is stochastic and depends on the buyer’s selling price. The supplier’s production cost is private information, and the buyer only knows the distribution of the cost. Both the buyer and the suppl...

Background:  The objective of the study was to appraise the total dollar value of human life losses (TDVHL) associated with COVID-19 in Canada. Methods: The net output approach (also known as human capital approach) was applied in the dollar valuation of the 6,062 human life losses associated with COVID-19 in Canada as of 23 May 2020. The economic model was rerun five times: (a) using the nati...

In a competitive market, profit-maximizing producer's total revenue is determined both by the quantity of output she chooses to produce and price at which can sell that output. Of these two variables, only in part or wholly within control, being entirely market forces. Given that, it puzzling literature studying effects providing insurance producers low- middle-income countries has ignored risk...

Quantity discount is a frequently adopted scheme that has not been explicitly investigated in logistics service procurement auctions. This paper focuses on revised winner determination problem under quantity discounts and demand uncertainty for fourth-party (4PL) provider combinatorial reverse auction. To characterize our research problem, two-stage stochastic nonlinear programming model constr...