background: quaternary ammonium compounds (qac), which contain benzalkonium chloride as the most widely used agent, are employed as wound and skin antiseptics, as well as disinfectants in hospitals. the resistance mechanism to disinfectants is usually determine by genes which are related to resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds, namely, qace, qacδe1, qacδe1 that are found in gram-negative...

Drug molecules consist of a few tens of atoms connected by covalent bonds. How many such molecules are possible in total and what is their structure? This question is of pressing interest in medicinal chemistry to help solve the problems of drug potency, selectivity, and toxicity and reduce attrition rates by pointing to new molecular series. To better define the unknown chemical space, we have...

(a) bactericidal and fungicidal, (b) compatible with most chemicals used in ophthalmic preparations, (c) non-irritating and non-sensitizing. The most commonly accepted preservative is the mixture of methyl and propylhydroxybenzoates used in the " Solution for Eye-Drops" of the British Pharmaceutical Codex. These hydroxybenzoates, being relatively efficient fungicides, will keep the solutions fr...

The potency and nature of the inhibitory effect of various cationic drugs on the transport of choline across the placental syncytial microvillus membrane was investigated. Tetraethylammonium, a model substrate for organic cation transport, was a poor inhibitor. Enlarging the degree of alkylation of the quaternary ammonium increased the inhibitory effect, in proportion with increasing lipophilic...

khoroslodaghlocated in northwestern of iran and south of moghan plain in ardabil province. these mountainsare from azarbyjan mountains unit and are separated from caucasus and talesh mountains in azarbyjan republic. study area was folded by upper pliocene and quaternary orogeny. pliocene orogeny was severe but quaternary folded was calm. afterward orogeny movements and folding, invertedrelief (...

BACKGROUND According to the Wonca International Dictionary for General/Family Practice Quaternary Prevention is defined as: 'Action taken to identify patient at risk of overmedicalization, to protect him from new medical invasion, and to suggest to him interventions, which are ethically acceptable.' The concept of quaternary prevention was initially proposed by Marc Jamoulle and the targets wer...

nowadays, many people prefer to use herbal remedies instead of chemical treatments, because of a fewer side effects. it seems that herbal drugs can be useful to neuroinflammation diseases like alzheimer. alzheimer disease (ad) is caused by the oxidative stress and inflammatory compounds such as cytokine and beta-amyloid. it causes learning problems due to damage in cells in the hippocampus area...

We report a new method for the preparation of chiral 2-aryl-2-fluoropropanoic acids, including 2-fluoroibuprofen, a fluorinated analogue of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), by the kinetic resolution of racemic 2-aryl-2-fluoropropanoic acids using enantioselective esterification. By applying pivalic anhydride (Piv2O) as a coupling agent, bis(α-naphthyl)methanol [(α-Np)2CHOH] as an...

Lascaux Cave (Montignac, France) contains paintings from the Upper Paleolithic period. Shortly after its discovery in 1940, the cave was seriously disturbed by major destructive interventions. In 1963, the cave was closed due to algal growth on the walls. In 2001, the ceiling, walls and sediments were colonized by the fungus Fusarium solani. Later, black stains, probably of fungal origin, appea...

In this study, a variety of 3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones derivatives were synthesized via three-component Biginelli reaction. The quaternary ammonium- treated clay -catalyzed process proved to be simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly.