Michael Reich is Professor of Political Economy at U. C. Berkeley. This article was written in 1974, hence used only data available at that time. His research was repeated on later census data in his book Racial Inequality: A Political-Economic Analysis, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press), 1981, and by other researchers, with similar results. His main thesis is that most workers are ...

also there was a tendency to borrow heavily from the evolutionary theories of Herbert Spencer and Charles Darwin (‘survival of the fittest’ is a vulgarisation of a more complex theory); especially, they drew on the idea of struggle and survival as the natural mechanisms for maintaining and improving the ‘stock’—i.e., genetic characteristics—of human beings. This was the origins of so-called ‘sc...

Recent events in the United States have catalyzed the need for all educators to begin paying attention to and discovering ways to dialogue about race. No longer can health professions (HP) educators ignore or avoid these difficult conversations. HP students are now demanding them. Cultural sensitivity and unconscious bias training are not enough. Good will and good intentions are not enough. Cu...

The theory of symbolic racism contends that whites' opposition to busing springs from a basic underlying prejudiced or intolerant attitudinal predisposition toward blacks, not self-interest or realistic-group conflict motives. The present research argues that realistic group conflict motives do help explain whites' opposition to busing. Two major criticisms of the symbolic racism approach are m...

In post–civil rights America, the ascendance of “law-and-order” politics and “postracial” ideology have given rise to what we call the penology of racial innocence. The penology of racial innocence is a framework for assessing the role of race in penal policies and institutions, one that begins with the presumption that criminal justice is innocent of racial power until proven otherwise. Counte...

OBJECTIVES We conducted a review to examine current literature on the effects of interpersonal and institutional racism and discrimination occurring within health care settings on the health care received by racial/ethnic minority patients. METHODS We searched the PsychNet, PubMed, and Scopus databases for articles on US populations published between January 1, 2008 and November 1, 2011. We u...

Professor Tyrer’s editorial (2005) is welcome and long overdue. He highlights a serious inequality between the contributions of authors from the industrialised and non-industrialised world. What Professor Tyrer failed to discuss is a more deeply imbedded problem of the institutionalised racism that lies at the heart of the conceptual systems we use in psychiatry. This is, of course, an understa...

Professor Tyrer’s editorial (2005) is welcome and long overdue. He highlights a serious inequality between the contributions of authors from the industrialised and non-industrialised world. What Professor Tyrer failed to discuss is a more deeply imbedded problem of the institutionalised racism that lies at the heart of the conceptual systems we use in psychiatry. This is, of course, an understa...

I was delighted to see the editorial on ‘Combating editorial racism in psychiatric publications’ (Tyrer, 2005). You liken this to those from the world’s poorest countries always playing uphill and into a howling gale. How about taking away their football boots! I applaud Professor Tyrer for addressing this problem and want to reciprocate with this contribution. Black and minority ethnic groups ...

There is a dearth of empirical evidence on the extent of racist attitudes, broadly defined, in Australia. A telephone survey of 5056 residents in Queensland and NSW examined attitudes to cultural difference, perceptions of the extent of racism, tolerance of specific groups, ideology of nation, perceptions of Anglo-Celtic cultural privilege, and belief in racialism, racial separatism and racial ...