direct contact membrane distillation (dcmd) which emerges as an alternative separation technology can effectively perform a colloidal separation process under thermal driven force. dcmd is capable of extracting pure water from aqueous solutions containing non-volatile nanoparticles through the hydrophobic microporous membrane when a vapour pressure difference was established across the membrane...

Diesel exhaust has been suspected to be a lung carcinogen. The assessment of this lung cancer risk has been limited by lack of studies of exposed workers followed for many years. In this study, we assessed lung cancer mortality in 54,973 U.S. railroad workers between 1959 and 1996 (38 years). By 1959, the U.S. railroad industry had largely converted from coal-fired to diesel-powered locomotives...

Wayfinding is part of everyday life. This study concentrates on the development of a conceptual model of human navigation in the U.S. Interstate Highway Network. It proposes three different levels of conceptual understanding that constitute the cognitive map: the Planning Level, the Instructional Level, and the Driver Level. This paper formally defines these three levels and examines the concep...