The 400,000 km Volta Basin is an international basin covering almost 28% of the West Coast. Basin of Africa. It extends from longitude 5 30 W to 2 00E and from latitude 5 30 N to 14 30 N and is shared by the six West African countries Benin, Togo, Ghana, La Cote d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso and Mali. The water resources of this basin are under severe stress due to both human and natural causes. High ...

the major problem in the assessment of relationships between rainfall and runoff occurs when a study is carried out in ungauged watersheds in the absence of hydro-climatic data. this study aims to evaluate the applicability of natural resources conservation service-curve number (nrcs-cn) method together with gis in estimating runoff depth in a mountainous watershed. the study was carried out in...

abstarct development of greenhouse gases in future periods not only causes change in average amounts of climate variables but also makes variables of this variability affected. then for sure concerning alternations followed with climate variables’ fluctuations and its average amounts in effecting on runoff would make more reliable results. in this inquiry initially fluctuations and average amou...

Rainfall-Runoff models are mostly empirical in nature demanding the knowledge of a large number of catchment parameters. On the contrary Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) can be deployed in cases where the available data is limited. The present work involves the development of an ANN model using Backward Propagation algorithm. The hydrologic variables used were Rainfall, Soil Moisture, Evaporati...

Two representative watersheds, Ammameh and Kasilian, located in Southern and Norten Elborz mountain in Iran respectively were considered. Fourteen events of rainfall-runoff in nonmelting seaons were chosen and their storms and flood hydrographs were gathered from an automatic recording station. Base flow separation was made by recession limb analysis while Philip equation was used for the calcu...

[1] The key question that is asked in this study is ‘‘how are the three independent bias components of satellite rainfall estimation, comprising hit bias, missed, and false precipitation, physically related to the estimation uncertainty of soil moisture and runoff for a physically based hydrologic model?’’ The study also investigated the performance of different satellite rainfall products as a...

In agricultural landscapes, factors affecting V under steady-state conditions of infiltration are well docuVarious interactions, particularly those existing between the rainmented (Kinnell, 2000). The effect of slope angle on fall intensity, the slope gradient, the slope length, and the tillage runoff for interrill erosion has also been fully investisupposedly can affect the runoff features for...

Steroid hormones pose potential risks to fish and other aquatic organisms at extremely low concentrations. To assess the factors affecting the release of endogenous estrogenic and androgenic steroids from feedlots during rainfall, runoff, and soil samples were collected after simulated rainfall on a 14-steer feedlot under different rainfall rates and aging periods and analyzed for six steroid h...

To understand how hydrological processes are related across different spatial scales, 201 rainfall runoff events were examined in three nested catchments of the upper river Saalach in the Austrian Alps. The Saalach basin is a nested catchment covering different spatial scales, from the micro-scale (Limberg, 0.07 km2), to the small-catchment scale (Rammern, 15.5 km2), and the meso-scale (Viehhof...

rainfall-runoff modeling is most important component in the water resource management of river basins. the successful application of a conceptual rainfall-runoff model depends on how well it is calibrated. the degree of difficulty in solving the global optimization method is generally dependent on the dimensionality of the model and certain of the characteristics of object function. the purpose...