The article examines the imperfections and current trends in global trade, namely: widening of gap between developed developing countries due to new financial capabilities that issue reserve currencies; certain changes geopolitical rivalry protectionism; transformation biotechnologies into main driver economic growth, processes strengthening liberalization which is connected, on one hand, with ...

Practical Issues in Quantum Cryptography Feihu Xu Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Toronto 2012 Cryptography plays a key role in our life ranging from computer passwords to electronic commerce to national military security. The most widely used modern encryption algorithm is the public-key algorithm. However, the security of all pu...

Geometrical and topological properties of the set of all belief functions generated by a random closed interval are studied. It is shown that this set is a metrizable (noncompact) simplex and its extreme points are completely characterized.

We derive asymptotic formuli for two dimensional steady state voltage potentials associated with thin, “curve-like” conductivity imperfections. Our derivation is formal, and based on asymptotic matching of terms in an appropriate set of integral equations. In combination with the formuli (rigorously) derived in [3] for imperfections of small diameter, these new formuli cover the generic imperfe...

We survey the theoretical literature on market liquidity. The literature traces illiquidity, i.e., the lack of liquidity, to underlying market imperfections. We consider six main imperfections: participation costs, transaction costs, asymmetric information, imperfect competition, funding constraints, and search. We address three questions in the context of each imperfection: (a) how to measure ...

We have theoretically investigated the effects of polarizer and analyzer imperfections in a phase-modulated spectroscopic ellipsometer adopting a photoelastic modulator. Jones matrices having off-diagonal elements have been introduced to represent the imperfections of the polarizer and analyzer, and the effects of the imperfections were analytically derived to the first-order approximation. It ...

The eight-port homodyne detector is an optical circuit designed to perform the monitoring of two quadratures field, signal. By using quantum Bose fields and stochastic calculus, we give a complete description this apparatus, when used as quadrature in continuous time. We can treat either travelling waves circuit, observables involved detection part: couples photodiodes, postprocessing output cu...