background: major depression is a common disorder with great social and individual burdens. transcranial sonography (tcs) is a useful and noninvasive measure for assessment of normal and impaired brain parenchyma. the brainstem raphe nuclei are in close association with dorsocaudal limbic system and plays an important role in depression. in this study we compared the echogenicity of the raphe n...

 Background: Major depression is a common disorder with great social and individual burdens. Transcranial sonography (TCS) is a useful and noninvasive measure for assessment of normal and impaired brain parenchyma. The brainstem raphe nuclei are in close association with dorsocaudal limbic system and plays an important role in depression. In this study we compared the echogenicity of the r...

BACKGROUND Major depression is a common disorder with great social and individual burdens. Transcranial sonography (TCS) is a useful and noninvasive measure for assessment of normal and impaired brain parenchyma. The brainstem raphe nuclei are in close association with dorsocaudal limbic system and plays an important role in depression. In this study we compared the echogenicity of the raphe nu...

Background. Transcranial sonography (TCS) has emerged as a potential diagnostic tool for Parkinson's disease. Recent research has suggested that abnormal echogenicity of substantia nigra, raphe nuclei and third ventricle is associated with increased risk of depression among these patients. We sought to reproduce these findings in an ongoing larger study of patients with parkinsonian syndromes. ...

OBJECTIVES Depression is a frequent symptom in Parkinson's disease. Compelling evidence suggests a role of the brainstem in the control of mood and cognition. In patients with unipolar depression transcranial sonography (TS) studies have shown structural alteration of the mesencephalic brainstem raphe which could suggest an involvement of the basal limbic system in the pathogenesis of primary m...

BACKGROUND In idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) transcranial sonography (TCS) represents an alternative diagnostic method to verify clinical diagnosis. Although the phenomenon of an increased echogenicity of the Substantia nigra (SN) is well known this method is still not widly used in the diagnostic workup. Until now reliability of this method is still a matter of debate, partly because dat...

diabetes mellitus (dm) is one of the most important metabolic disease causes in many side effects. the decrease of mental abilities and even some form of dementia followed prolonged diabetes has been reported. there are evidences that show hippocampus might be the site of neural involvement in patients with dementia followed diabetes. as hippocampus received main serotonergic efferents from bra...

BACKGROUND Transcranial sonography (TCS) has become a new diagnostic tool in the evaluation of extrapyramidal disorders. Studies of TCS report alterations of the mesencephalic raphe in patients with depression. The aim of this study was to evaluate TCS findings in patients with Huntington disease in correlation with their neurologic and psychiatric status. METHODS We recruited patients with g...