1 Introduction During the last few decades, an important debate has taken place in cognitive psychology concerning the rationality of human reasoning. One field in which this debate has been vigorous is that of inductive inference and probabilistic reasoning or, in more general terms, situations in which people make predictions about research has produced mixed results, ranging from some showin...

World action in medical education, notably the global programs of the World Federation for Medical Education, the Edinburgh Declaration of 1988 and the 1993 World Summit, has led to major curricular change in medical schools. For educational reform to result in improved health services of nations, an essential requirement is integration between the medical education system and the health care d...

Abstract Many tasks in statistical and causal inference can be construed as problems of entailment a suitable formal language. We ask whether those are more difficult, from computational perspective, for probabilistic languages than pure (or “associational”) languages. Despite several senses which reasoning is indeed complex—both expressively inferentially—we show that satisfiability) systemati...

Brain training programs have proliferated in recent years, with claims that video games or computer-based tasks can broadly enhance cognitive function. However, benefits are commonly seen only in trained tasks. Assessing generalized improvement and practicality of laboratory exercises complicates interpretation and application of findings. In this study, we addressed these issues by using activ...

Information for real life AI applications is usually pervaded by uncertainty and subject to change, and thus demands for non-classical processing. A rich palette of methods for uncertain reasoning have been developed in the field of knowledge representation showing its many facets – qualitative vs. quantitative reasoning, argumentation and negotiation in multi-agent systems, causal reasoning fo...

Reasoning about capabilities in multi-agent systems is crucial for many applications. There are two aspects of reasoning about the capabilities of an agent to achieve its goals. One is the symbolic, logical reasoning, which is based on whether the agent can determine a plan that can be used to achieve a goal (i.e. “know-how”). Another is quantitative reasoning about levels of skill and whether ...