Empirical findings indicate that humans draw inferences about spatial arrangements by constructing and manipulating mental models which are internal representations of objects and relations in spatial working memory. Central to the Mental Model Theory (MMT), is the assumption that the human reasoning process can be divided into three phases: (i) Mental model construction, (ii) model inspection,...

The development and evaluation of valid assessments scientific reasoning are an integral part research in science education. In the present study, we used linear logistic test model (LLTM) to analyze how item features related text complexity presence visual representations influence overall difficulty established, multiple-choice, competencies assessment instrument. This study data from n = 243...

This paper describes a default reasoning problem, analogous to the frame problem, that arises when an attempt is made to construct a logic-based calculus for reasoning about the movement of objects in a real-valued co-ordinate system. A number of potential solutions to this problem are examined. Particular attention is given to the interaction between the default reasoning required by these sol...

Effective belief-desire reasoning requires both specialized representational capacities-the capacity to represent the mental states as such-as well as executive selection processes for accurate performance on tasks requiring the prediction and explanation of the actions of social agents. Compromised belief-desire reasoning in a given population may reflect failures in either or both of these sy...

The medial pFC (mPFC) is frequently reported to play a central role in Theory of Mind (ToM). However, the contribution of this large cortical region in ToM is not well understood. Combining a novel behavioral task with fMRI, we sought to demonstrate functional divisions between dorsal and rostral mPFC. All conditions of the task required the representation of mental states (beliefs and desires)...

(2005) Seeing it my way: a case of a selective deficit in inhibiting self-perspective. The Nottingham ePrints service makes this work by researchers of the University of Nottingham available open access under the following conditions. · To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in Nottingham ePrints has been checked for eligibility before being made available. · Copie...

INTRODuCTION In the current dynamic health care environment, patients often present with numerous comorbidities within a multifaceted social and economic context, while insurers continue to limit payment for necessary services. In order to meet clinical practice demands, educators are responsible for clearly understanding the development of clinical reasoning abilities and facilitating student ...

background: workplace stress is known to be related with many behavioral and disease outcomes. however, little is known about its prospective relationship with measures of cognitive decline. objective: to investigate the association of job strain, psychological demands and job control on cognitive decline. methods: participants from framingham offspring cohort (n=1429), were assessed on job str...

A model of the functional and anatomical basis of belief reasoning is essential for understanding the relationship between belief reasoning and other cognitive processes in both normal development and pathology. Studies of brain-damaged patients can give valuable insights into the nature of belief processing but pose unique methodological problems. The current study addresses these problems by ...