Many security protocols have the aim of authenticating one agent acting as initiator to another agent acting as responder and vice versa. Sometimes, the authentication fails because of executing several parallel sessions of a protocol, and because an agent may play both the initiator and responder role in parallel sessions. We take advantage of the notion of transition systems to specify authen...

Thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione (GSH) systems are considered to be two major redox systems in animal cells. They are reduced by NADPH via Trx reductase (TR) or oxidized GSH (GSSG) reductase and further supply electrons for deoxyribonucleotide synthesis, antioxidant defense, and redox regulation of signal transduction, transcription, cell growth, and apoptosis. We cloned and characterized a py...

Mixed-initiative in dialogue does not mean that either speaker is free to take the lead in the conversation at any time. Rather, who can show initiative, and when, is restricted. In this paper, we define initiative and control as two levels of dialogue phenomena, and give further evidence for our theory of restricted initiative that control belongs to the initiator of a discourse segment. We sh...

Novel organic redox systems that display multistage behaviour are highly sought-after for a series of applications such as batteries or electrochromic materials. Here we describe simple strategy to transfer well-known two-electron active bipyridine and phenanthroline architectures into novel strongly reducing four-electron featuring fully reversible events with up five stable oxidation states. ...

Using host–guest chemistries in a biphasic system, novel supramolecular nanoparticle surfactant (s-NPS) with redox-responsiveness is presented to structure liquids. The situ assembly/jamming and disassembly/unjamming of s-NPSs at the oil–water interface are reversibly controlled by switchable redox process, imparting nanoscale redox-responsiveness, affecting assemblies on all length scales. “Sm...

This article reviews various initiator used to synthesize high molecular weight (MW >10,000 g/mol) of polylactic acid (PLA) through ring-opening polymerisation (ROP) lactide. ROP has been chosen as the best method in producing PLA. On other hand, stannous octoate (Sn(Oct)2) reported catalyst for method. Many researchers have studied that rate with presence only Sn(Oct)2 is slow compared lact...

We have sequenced a methionine tRNA from mosquito mitochondria, and examined its structure using nucleases S1 and T1 under non-denaturing conditions. The sequence is highly homologous to a putative initiator methionine tRNA gene from Drosophila mitochondria. Its anticodon stem contains a run of three G-C base pairs that is characteristic of conventional initiator tRNAs; however, nuclease S1 ana...

Data transfer over TCP/IP provides no privacy for network users. Previous research in anonymity has focused on the provision of initiator anonymity. We explore methods of adapting existing initiator-anonymous protocols to provide responder anonymity and mutual anonymity. We present Anonymous Peer-to-peer File Sharing (APFS) protocols, which provide mutual anonymity for peer-to-peer file sharing...

Sir, At the turn of the nineteenth century, Ehrlich focused on the selective staining of malaria-infected cells over noninfected cells, with methylene blue and acridine orange. On reviewing this information, two simple questions arose: why do these compounds selectively target parasite infected cells and can this information be used against the parasite? We propose the following: methylene blue...

Previous studies have shown that high glucose increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) in endothelial cells that contributes to vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Accumulation of ROS is due to dysregulated redox balance between ROS-producing systems and antioxidant systems. Previous research from our laboratory has shown that high glucose decreases the principal cellular reductant, NADPH ...