According to Grice's (1975) Maxim of Quantity, rational talkers formulate their utterances to be as economical as possible while conveying all necessary information. Naturally produced referential expressions, however, often contain more or less information than what is predicted to be optimal given a rational speaker model. How do listeners cope with these variations in the linguistic input? W...

Artemov’s logic of proofs LP is a complete calculus of propositions and proofs, which is now becoming a foundation for the evidence-based approach to reasoning about knowledge. Additional atoms in LP have form t : F , read as “t is a proof of F” (or, more generally, as “t is an evidence for F”) for an appropriate system of terms t called proof polynomials. In this paper, we answer two well-know...

Referential expressions are used to introduce and continue reference to entities with par ticular referential properties, but also with particular discourse properties. In this paper we investigate the referential and discourse properties of pemarked indefi nite direct objects in Romanian, which are an instance of Diff erential Object Marking (DOM). Pe -marking is generally obligatory for defi ...

This paper examines issues related to transitivity in Chinese, looking in particular at verb use in non-referential contexts. Four variants of non-referential verb use involving generic bare nouns and postverbal manner adverbs are analyzed. It is suggested that in these cases of non-referential verb use, the verb is first merged with an adverbial complement, and then copied to yield the verb co...

This article describes the development of a measure of schizotypic referential thinking. The authors present a 34-item questionnaire that includes a wide variety of referential thoughts and experiences, including both simple and guilty ideas of reference. The Referential Thinking Scale (REF) displays adequate internal consistency and strong relations with other measures of Schizotypy, such as t...

Young children are readily able to use known labels to constrain hypotheses about the meanings of new words under conditions of referential ambiguity. At issue is the kind of information children use to constrain such hypotheses. According to one theory, children take into account the speaker's intention when solving a referential puzzle. In the present studies, children with autism were impair...

Code-switching is a socio-linguistic phenomenon that often happens in our daily life. This study conducted to analyse code-switching happen the movie “Luca”, which most streamed 2021. There are two research questions of this study, what types used movie? And functions The qualitative method study. To collect data, researcher will search for and movie’s script on internet. After collecting watch...

Previous research has shown that rapid vocal repetition of a one-word version of negative self-referential thought reduces the stimulus functions (e.g., emotional discomfort and believability) associated with that thought. The present study compares the effects of that defusion strategy with thought distraction and distraction-based experimental control tasks on a negative self-referential thou...

This paper proposes a framework for evaluating coreference resolution systems, taking into account the contribution of subcomponents. Our goal is to have a way to quickly identify bottlenecks so that the development effort can focus on the weakest part of the processing chain. We describe experiments on the contribution of the module for searching potential referential expressions using two typ...

The present study sought to investigate the acquisition of referential, quasi and expletive subject pronouns, three different types of obligatory subjects in English, by adult Persian speaking L2 learners of English at different stages of L2 acquisition. A Grammaticality Judgment Test and a Translation Test were designed and developed to elicit the participants' knowledge of obligatory subjects...