The Jet Propulsion Lthoratory (JPL) has been involved in cryogenic refrigeration development for the National Aeronautics and Space AdminisUation (NASA) since 1979. Witi the help of NASA, Southern California Gas Company, Ford Automotive, and Aerojet General, we have spun off Ma technology for cmnmerciai air conditioning since 1990. In all, JPL has fabricated and successfully tested the followin...

Thermionic emission in heterostructures is investigated for integrated cooling of high power electronic and optoelectronic devices. This evaporative cooling is achieved by selective emission of hot electrons over a barrier layer from the cathode to the anode. As the energy distribution of emitted electrons is almost exclusively on one side of Fermi energy, upon the current flow, strong carrier-...

OBJECTIVE To compare the fat loss between refrigerator and warm water thawed breast milk. DESIGN Experimental. SETTING Tertiary-care pediatric university hospital. PARTICIPANTS Ninety samples of expressed breast milk were collected from mothers with singleton babies of a gestational age 32-42 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Fat content in fresh breast milk (FM); thawed breast milk by refri...

INTRODUCTION Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) and Vibrio cholerae are common bacteria that infect people in developing countries. Nowadays, food preservation by freezing and refrigeration are very common practices that extend the shelf life of food products. Unfortunately, EAEC and V. cholerae are suspected to survive at low temperatures. METHODOLOGY Various foods and beverages used ...

The energy consumption of artificial ground freezing applications results from the necessary (consumed) refrigeration capacity. The determination of the refrigeration capacity requires the numerical modeling of heat transfer processes within the freeze pipe. Therefore a new module has been implemented in the Finite Difference Program SHEMAT. An approach for calculating the heat transfer process...

Refrigerator is one of the home appliance utilizing mechanical vapour compression cycle in it process. Performance of the system becomes main issue and many researches are still ongoing to evaluate and improve efficiency of the system. Therefore, this paper presents the development process of refrigerator test rig and performance evaluation of a domestic refrigerator that has been used in Malay...

The effect of the internal heat exchanger (IHE) on the performance of the transcritical carbon dioxide refrigeration cycle with an expander is analyzed theoretically on the basis of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The possible parameters affecting system efficiency such as heat rejection pressure, gas cooler outlet temperature, evaporating temperature, expander isentropic efficienc...

Large rotating magnetocaloric effect (MCE) has been observed in some single crystals due to strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy. By utilizing the rotating MCE, a new type of rotary magnetic refrigerator can be constructed, which could be more simplified and efficient than the conventional one. However, compared with polycrystalline materials, the high cost and complexity of preparation for sin...

Giant magnetocaloric materials are promising for solid-state refrigeration, as an alternative to hazardous gases used in conventional cooling devices. A giant magnetocaloric effect was discovered near room temperature in near-equiatomic FeRh alloys some years before the benchmark study in Gd5Si2Ge2 that launched the field. However, FeRh has attracted significantly less interest in cooling appli...

BACKGROUND Refrigeration of platelets (PLTs) offers an attractive alternative to the currently practiced storage at room temperature since it may mitigate problems associated with bacterial contamination and extend storage lifetime. Refrigeration causes a number of biophysical and biochemical changes in PLTs and decreases PLT circulation time in vivo. However, the effect of refrigeration on PLT...