Reward-induced burst firing of dopaminergic neurons has mainly been studied in the primate midbrain. Voltammetry allows high-speed detection of dopamine release in the projection area. Although voltammetry has revealed presynaptic modulation of dopamine release in the striatum, to date, reward-induced release in awakened brains has been recorded only in rodents. To make such recordings, it is p...

Professional Original Effective Date: August 9, 2005 Institutional Original Effective Date: August 9, 2005 Revision Date(s): June 14, 2006; January 1, 2007; July 24, 2007; September 25 2007; February 22, 2010; March 10, 2011; March 8, 2013 Revision Date(s): June 14, 2006; January 1, 2007; July 24, 2007; September 25 2007; February 22, 2010; March 1

We present results from λ 3.6 cm observations of the quasar pair 1038+528 A and B, made in 1995 using the VLBA together with the Effelsberg 100m telescope. We describe the use of a phase-referencing technique to measure the astrometric separation between the quasars. We also introduce a new data analysis method “hybrid double mapping” which preserves the relative astrometric information in a si...

The controlled delivery of low-molecular weight drugs and proteins from biodegradable polymers has received considerable attention. However, controlled release studies of pDNA from such polymers have not been reported to date. In this study, a plasmid DNA was complexed with the cationic polymer called polyethylenimine (PEI). This gene vector has been shown to be very effective in transfecting c...

Professional Institutional Original Effective Date: September 25, 2007 Original Effective Date: October 23, 2008 Revision Date(s): September 23, 2008 May 18, 2010; March 8, 2013; January 1, 2015; August 5, 2015; October 12, 2016 Revision Date(s): December 15, 2009; May 18, 2010; March 8, 2013; January 1, 2015; August 5, 2015; October 12, 2016 Current Effective Date: October 12, 2016 Current Eff...

We investigate a spherical collapse model with and without the spatial curvature. We obtain the exact solutions of dynamical quantities such as the ratio of the scale factor to its value at the turnaround epoch (x ≡ a ata ) and the ratio of the overdensity radius to its value at the turnaround time (y ≡ R Rta ) with general cosmological parameters. The exact solutions of the overdensity at the ...

Intellectual property portfolios that include unique inventions and discoveries are potentially inimitable resources that provide strategic leverage to Information Technology (IT) firms. The increasing patent related litigations in the IT industry, and the high costs associated with litigations make this an economically significant activity. Taking a market oriented view to this issue we invest...

One of the oldest arguments in the history of psychology is the Nature vs Nurture debate. Each of these sides have good points that it's really hard to decide whether a person's development is predisposed in his DNA, or a majority of it is influenced by this life experiences and his environment. As of now, we know that both nature and nurture play important roles in human development, but we ha...

One of the oldest arguments in the history of psychology is the Nature vs Nurture debate. Each of these sides have good points that it's really hard to decide whether a person's development is predisposed in his DNA, or a majority of it is influenced by this life experiences and his environment. As of now, we know that both nature and nurture play important roles in human development, but we ha...

We explore an effective 4D cosmological model for the universe where the variable cosmological constant governs its evolution and the pressure remains negative along all the expansion. This model is introduced from a 5D vacuum state where the (space-like) extra coordinate is considered as noncompact. The expansion is produced by the inflaton field, which is considered as non-minimally coupled t...