Starting from the observation that reversible processes cannot increase the purity of any input state, we study deterministic physical processes, which map a set of states to a set of pure states. Such a process must map any state to the same pure output, if purity is demanded for the input set of all states. But otherwise, when the input set is restricted, it is possible to find non-trivial pu...

A patient with alcoholic cardiomyopathy is described in whom cardiovascular function capacity and radiological heart size fluctuated widely with periods of heavy drinking and abstinence. On two occasions, cessation of drinking resulted in clinical recovery from severe degrees of congestive failure and in complete reversal of cardiac enlargement. Echocardiographic follow-up showed, however, that...

1. The thermodynamic description, which includes the principle that the entropy S of a thermally isolated system never decreases with time : if t1 < t2 then S(t1) ≤ S(t2) (1) 2. Macroscopic descriptions, such as the heat equation ∂e/∂t = K∇T (2) 3. Descriptions by kinetic equations such as Boltzmann’s equation ∂f/∂t+ v · ∇xf = I(f) (3) where I(f) is an integral expression representing the effec...

Although theoretically attractive, the reversibility of resistance has proven difficult in practice, even though antibiotic resistance mechanisms induce a fitness cost to the bacterium. Associated resistance to other antibiotics and compensatory mutations seem to ameliorate the effect of antibiotic interventions in the community. In this paper the current understanding of the concepts of revers...

The phenomenon of disagreement has recently been brought into focus by the debate between contextualists and relativist invariantists about epistemic expressions such as ‘might’, ‘probably ’, indicative conditionals, and the deontic ‘ought’. Against the orthodox contextualist view, it has been argued that an invariantist account can better explain apparent disagreements across contexts by appea...

A sequence of irreducible Markov chains with increasing state cardinality is called democratic if the sequence of corresponding invariant probabilities converges to 0 uniformly. Democracy is a relevant property which naturally shows up when we deal with opinion dynamic models and cooperative algorithms over a network: it says that each agent measure/opinion is going to play a negligeable role i...

Recently, a number of reversible functional programming languages have been proposed. Common to several of these is the assumption of totality, a property that is not necessarily desirable, and certainly not required in order to guarantee reversibility. In a categorical setting, however, faithfully capturing partiality requires handling it as additional structure. Recently, Giles studied invers...

This paper introduces the structural characterization and studies on reversible oxygenation behavior of a new oxygen carrier Co(II)-2,4-diaminobutanoic acid (DABA) complex in aqueous solution. The composition of the oxygenated complex was determined by gas volumetric method, molar ratio method, and mass spectrometry, and the formula of the oxygenated complex was determined to be [Co(DABA)2O2]. ...

Abst ract The Ehrenfest model is considered as a good example of a Markov chain. I prove in this paper that the time-fractional diffusion process with drift towards the origin, is a natural generalization of the modified Ehrenfest model. The corresponding equation of evolution is a linear partial pseudo-differential equation with fractional derivatives in time, the orders lying between 0 and 1....

We introduce linear decision diagrams (LDDs) as a special class of linear representations of formal power series. LDDs can be seen as a generalization of some previously proposed structures, such as MTBDDs and matrix diagrams, that have seen successful application in the compact representation of Markov models with large state spaces. Besides providing some possibilities for additional compress...