two models are commonly made use to explain the behavior of insurance industries, namely: risk-pooling and the risk-absorbing models. neither of the two models provides an acceptable definition of insurance output in the economies experiencing high inflation rate. to address the deficiencies of the present models, an alternative was proposed in the current study as based on the theory of in...

purpose physical inactivity is more prevalent among women than men, varies by ethnic group, and becomes increasingly prevalent with age. the aim of this study was to examine the effects of a 12-week exercise program on the cardiovascular disease risk and fitness of iranian middle aged women. methods this was a randomized controlled trial study. participants in the training group (n=20) performe...

For a variety of reasons, many bank and corporate finance executives are implementing enterprise risk management systems to better understand and manage the firm’s risks. Our objective is to provide tools that evaluate the accuracy of the output from these systems. Especially in markets where the risks are large and complex, such as energy firms, it is crucial to establish the accuracy of the r...

Is it possible to obtain an objective and quantifiable measure of risk backed up by choices made by some specific groups of rational investors? To answer this question, in this paper we establish some behavior foundations for various types of VaR models, including VaR and conditional-VaR, as measures of downside risk. Though supported to some extent with unanimous choices by some specific group...

Value at Risk (VaR) has emerged in recent years as a standard tool to measure and control the risk of trading portfolios. Yet, existing theoretical analyses of the optimal behavior of a trader subject to VaR limits have produced a negative view of VaR as a risk-control tool. In particular, VaR limits have been found to induce increased risk exposure in some states and an increased probability o...

In this paper we extend the theory of precautionary saving to the case in which uncertainty is multidimensional and we develop a matrix-measure of multivariate prudence. Furthermore, we characterize comparative prudence, decreasing and increasing prudence, the e¤ect of uncertainty on the marginal propensity to consume out of wealth, and the Drèze-Modigliani substitution e¤ect in this multivaria...

appreciated by most men. In the business world, risk, when adroitly judged, can lead to significant rewards. By contrast, most men tend to be somewhat risk averse, not only financially, but also more importantly in terms of approaching their health. Attitudes between the sexes vary, as does their willingness to seek medical help and advice. Women tend to seek help earlier and are much more like...

In this paper, we argue that a distinction exists between risk measures and decision principles. Though both are functionals assigning a real number to a random variable, we think there is a hierarchy between the two concepts. Risk measures operate on the first “level”, quantifying the risk in the situation under consideration, while decision principles operate on the second “level”, often bein...