Fasciolosis is disease caused by a liver worm called Fasciola one of the dangerous parasites that affects livestock specially sheep are wide spread in many countries world including some Arab countries. This attacks animals such as cows, buffaloes, camels, horses, donkeys, sheep, goats and rabbits feed on grass plants. The worms inhabit bile ducts humans they multiply all tissues causing damage...

Toxoplasma gondii and a variety of Sarcocystis species are common cyst-forming coccidian parasites of domestic ruminants worldwide. T. gondii infection is a major cause of ovine and caprine abortion and perinatal mortality, but does not appear commonly to cause significant disease in other ruminants. Sarcocystis infections are probably most important in growing ruminants in which they can cause...

BACKGROUND Calculation of desired whole blood transfusion volume relies on an estimate of an animal's circulating blood volume, generally accepted to be 0.08 L/kg or 8% of the animal's body weight in kilograms. OBJECTIVE To use packed cell volume before and after whole blood transfusion to evaluate the accuracy of a commonly used equation to predict packed cell volume after transfusion in sma...

Studies of genetic adaptation, a central focus of evolutionary biology, most often focus on the host's genome and only rarely on its co-evolved microbiome. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) offers one of the most extreme environments for the survival of human and other mammalian species. Yaks (Bos grunniens) and Tibetan sheep (T-sheep) (Ovis aries) have adaptations for living in this harsh high...

Since the discovery of leptin secreted from adipocytes, specialized tissues and cells have been found that secrete the several peptides (or cytokines) that are characterized to negatively and positively regulate the metabolic process. Different types of adipokines, hepatokines, and myokines, which act as cytokines, are secreted from adipose, liver, and muscle tissue, respectively, and have been...

background: this study was performed to evaluate the levels of heavy metals in the livers and kidneys of cattle, sheep and goats from a mining region in the west of iran. methods: in this cross-sectional study, 90 samples were collected from the livers and kidneys of cattle (n=30), sheep (n=30) and goats (n=30) from a slaughterhouse in hamedan city, western iran. lead, cadmium, manganese, zinc,...

Ungulates are the most abundant and diverse group of mammals in arid areas. Non-ruminants, or hind gut fermenters, constitute only three extant families (horses, rhinos and tapirs); ruminants are far more dominant and form the remainder. Much of perissodactyl evolution occurred during the Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene eras when arid savannah-type conditions prevailed. Adoption of hind gut ferme...