Joint-stock cooperative company is not recognized in Commercial Code of Iran and the amendment bill of the Commercial Code adopted in 1968. This business entity has a unique description because of both being cooperative and having joint stock. It is a joint-stock company that is chartered based on Commercial Code of Iran, amendment bill of the Commercial Code adopted in 1968, and Principle 44 o...

autonomy in rural production cooperatives is one of the most important structural changes that influenced by government policies, specially happened in recent decades and in turn affect their performance. but there is ambiguity in the current performance of autonomous cooperatives, in order to be objective and stability. this study was conducted in the hamadan province. the purpose of the resea...

PROBLEM During China's transition to a market economy in the 1980s and 1990s, the rural population faced substantial barriers to accessing health care and encountered heavier financial burdens than urban residents in paying for necessary health services. APPROACH In 2003, China started to implement a rural cooperative medical scheme (RCMS), mainly through government subsidies. The scheme oper...

BACKGROUND The complications of hypertension cause severe health problems in rural areas in China. We (i) screened the major factors inducing hypertensive complications and provided intervention measures; and (ii) verified the efficacy of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS; a medical insurance scheme for rural residents) for hypertension management. METHODS A survey was conducted...

INTRODUCTION Urban centres often perform audits of vancomycin use as they face outbreaks of resistant organisms. We undertook this study to understand the indications and duration of intravenous vancomycin in a rural setting. METHODS We conducted a retrospective chart audit for all patients who received intravenous vancomycin over a 3-year period at a rural hospital in northwestern Ontario. ...

that in rural Uttar Pradesh (UP), only about one-fourth of women delivered their last child in an institution.a In 2005 the Janani Suraksha Yojana ( JSY) was launched as an intervention to address the barriers to institutional delivery, through the introduction of community-based women volunteers called Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs). Women in rural areas in low performing states ar...

Introduction Introduction of comprehensive framework for community-based monitoring (CBM) and planning at various levels of the public health system has been one of the most significant policy initiatives under the national rural health mission. One of the key considerations while introducing this large-scale social experiment was to fill the accountability deficit of the public health system b...

This paper compares the approaches taken by the managers of a small regional power grid utility cooperative and a small, privately held local loop telephone company who sought to make high-speed internet access available to their rural customers. Both the power cooperative and the telephone company set out to extend their product service mix, revenue streams, and profit margins by implementing ...