BACKGROUND The incidence of fractures in rural populations is lower than in urban populations, although the reason for this difference is unclear. This cross-sectional study was designed to examine the difference in bone mineral density (BMD), a primary predictor of fracture risk, between urban and rural Thai populations. METHODS Femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD was measured by dual-energy X...

This study was designed to investigate and compare the HPV prevalence, genotypes distribution and associated risk factors in rural and urban women living in Xishuang Banna district, in the province of Yunnan. A total of 177 and 190 women from rural and urban areas were engaged, respectively. HPV DNA was amplified using the L1 consensus primers system (MY09/11 and GP5/6) and HPV GenoArray test w...

BACKGROUND Rural-to-urban migrant women may be vulnerable to smoking initiation as they are newly exposed to risk factors in the urban environment. We sought to identify correlates of smoking among rural-to-urban migrant women in China. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A cross-sectional survey of rural-to-urban migrant women working in restaurants and hotels (RHW) and those working as commercial se...

BACKGROUND Tanzania is the country hit the hardest by the HIV epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa. The present study was carried out to examine the factors of HIV infection among women who lived in an urban area in Tanzania. METHODS The Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey (2011-12) data was used. The sample size for urban and rural women who had been tested for HIV and ever had sex was ...

OBJECTIVE Urbanization is an important determinant of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. To determine location-based differences in CVD risk factors in India we performed studies among women in rural, urban-poor and urban middle-class locations. METHODS Population-based cross-sectional studies in rural, urban-poor, and urban-middle class women (35-70 y) were performed at multiple sites. We ev...

Systems: Northern Ghana Women’s Cognitive Understanding & Perceptions Researchers Dr. Seidu Alhassan Dennis Chirawurah Deborah Elzie Executive Summary The high expectations for mobile money’s potential to positively impact the livelihoods of both women and men trapped in poverty is not adequately backed by evidence on rural women traders' understanding, uses, and challenges. In this study we in...

INTRODUCTION Malnutrition is a serious public health problem, particularly in developing countries, linked to a substantial increase in the risk of mortality and morbidity. Women and young children are most often affected. Rural disadvantage is a known factor, but little attention has been paid to rural-urban disparity among women. To provide a reliable source of information for policy-makers, ...

OBJECTIVE To investigate and compare determinates for delayed first presentation to antenatal care (ANC) services. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst pregnant women attending their first ANC visit in rural Capricorn District and peri-urban Tlokwe sub-district communities in South Africa. Data collection included questionnaires and medical record abstraction. Bivariate and m...

Introduction: Iron deficiency is the leading nutrient deficiency in the world affecting the lives of more than 2 billion people, accounting to over 30% of the world’s population. Pregnant women are particularly at high risk of iron deficiency. Objective: To determine and compare the adherence rate and identify factors associated with iron folic acid supplementation among urban and rural pregnan...

Tremendous health disparities exist across various segments of the United States population with rural women particularly at risk. African Americans have higher rates of death, disease, and disability than Caucasians. Although prevalence rates for alcohol and other drug use vary across studies, African American women generally report less use than Caucasians. However, African Americans dispropo...