background: chronic myeloid leukemia is a common cancer in human and chemical therapy is a routine method for treatment that has some side effects. so the goal of this study was the use of natural compound such as cell wall obtained from saccharomyces cerevisiae ( s. cerevisiae ) and saccharomyces boulardi ( s. boulardi ) and iron nanoparticles on the growth inhibition of k562 cell line. method...

The presence of Leptopilina heterotoma or Leptopilina boulardi eggs in the hemocoel of a Drosophila melanogaster larva induces the differentiation of lamellocytes, the blood cells that encapsulate foreign objects. L. boulardi eggs are encapsulated by the newly differentiated lamellocytes, but L. heterotoma eggs are not. The induced lamellocytes in host larvae with L. heterotoma eggs undergo the...

Eggs of the parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi, strain L104, are routinely encapsulated by haemocytes in C’rosophila melanogaster larvae, and the capsules subsequently melanize. In D. melanogaster mutant strains deficient for phenoloxidase activity, L104 eggs are encapsulated by host haemocytes but the cellular capsules do not melanize and harden. These observations suggest that phenoloxidases are...

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and its endoparasitoid wasps are a developing model system for interactions between host immune responses and parasite virulence mechanisms. In this system, wasps use diverse venom cocktails to suppress the conserved fly cellular encapsulation response. Although numerous genetic tools allow detailed characterization of fly immune genes, lack of wasp genomic...

Insect hosts can survive infection by parasitoids using the encapsulation phenomenon. In Drosophila melanogaster the abilities to encapsulate the wasp species Leptopilina boulardi and Asobara tabida each involve one major gene. Both resistance genes have been precisely localized on the second chromosome, 35 centimorgans apart. This result clearly demonstrates the involvement of at least two sep...

Eggs of three strains of the cynipid parasitoid Leptopilina heterotoma and a Tunisian strain (G317) of L. boulardi are not encapsulated by hemocytes of Drosophila melanogaster hosts, but the eggs of a Congolese strain (L104) of L. boulardi are encapsulated. To determine the reason for the difference in host response against the parasitoid eggs, lamellocytes (hemocytes that encapsulate foreign o...

Specimens of Membracidae belonging to the genus Hamma collected in several surveys conducted between 2009 and 2012 in Gabon were examined. They represent six species, of which three are described as new to science: Hamma boulardi n. sp., Hamma carlini n. sp., Hamma franciscae n. sp.

The densities of conspecific individuals may vary through space, especially at the edge of species range. This variation in density is predicted to influence the diffusion of species-specific horizontally transmitted symbionts. However, to date there is very little data on how parasite prevalence varies around the border of a host species. Using a molecular epidemiology approach, we studied the...

Background: Endoparasitoid wasps inject venom proteins at oviposition to alter host immunity. Results: The venom of Leptopilina boulardi but not of a related species contains an active extracellular SOD. Recombinant SODs inhibit the Drosophila host phenoloxidase activity. Conclusion: An extracellular SOD is secreted and active in an insect fluid. Significance: SODs may be used as immune suppres...