the main purpose of this paper is to present methods and recent development in the literature of intra industry trade (iit) measuring. the case study also is carried out for iranian manufacturing industries during time period 1997-2003. for this, iran's foreign trade data was collected, processed, and then used to estimate iit indices with respect to recent literature developments in iit m...

In this article we incorporate notions of the fairness of sanctions into the standard model of public enforcement. When both the probability and magnitude of sanctions may be varied, the usual solution involves a very high sanction and a relatively low probability of enforcement if individuals are risk neutral. When the issue of fairness is added to the analysis, the optimal sanction generally ...

Sanction lists as published by national and supranational organizations contain details on sanctioned entities. Those lists have to be obeyed in order to avoid legal implications. Yet, sanction lists are of very low information quality. Nevertheless, regulatory compliance demands, that organizations check their customer master data against sanction lists. We analyze sanction lists in this contr...

The present paper thoroughly explores second-best efficient allocations in an adverse selection insurance economy. We start from a natural extension of the classical model, assuming less than perfect risk perceptions. We propose first and second welfare theorems, by means of which we describe efficiencyenhancing policies. Notions of weak and strong adverse selection are promising for interpreti...

The vaccinia virus protein, F12, has been suggested to play an important role in microtubule-based transport of intracellular enveloped virus (IEV). We found that GFP-F12 is recruited to IEV moving on microtubules but is released from virus particles when they switch to actin-based motility. In the absence of F12, although the majority of IEV remain close to their peri-nuclear site of assembly,...

Recently published studies that investigate the effect of benefit cuts on the employment prospects of unemployed show that sanctions substantially increase the probability of an individual to get employed. This evidence suggests at first sight that benefit sanctions are an effective tool in the activation process of the unemployed and should be used more frequently by welfare agencies to enhanc...

in this paper, economic convergence in selected oic (36 countries) is studied. the convergence hypothesis is tested through three approaches: beta convergence, sigma convergence, and time series model. ols is used for estimating the cross section model and cross variance is used to test the distributive model. for analyzing time series model, we used augmented dicky fuller test. beta convergenc...

Integrating social learning and deterrence literatures, the present study hypothesizes a circumstance in which aspects of sanction threats mitigate the influence of deviant peers on criminal offending. Multiple regression analyses of the National Youth Survey (Wave VI, 1984) yielded results generally consistent with the hypothesized relationships: 1) Deviant peers predict self-offending after c...

A model of political contribution of dynamic common agency where state-contingent agreements must be self-enforced is considered. Two issues are mainly examined; punishment strategy on deviation and the limit and scope of implicit agreements. The punishment strategy on the principals takes a form of two-phase scheme in general and, more specifically, it is either an “Exclusion-type”, on which t...

This paper aims to explore the role of spillovers in the strategic choice for a MNE in a duopoly model, especially focusing on endogenous FDI spillovers with spillover-prevention costs. After discussing the exogenous spillover case, this paper shows that with a quadratic spillover-prevention cost function, the FDI-performing firm may choose a positive level of spillovers, which is lower than th...