We examined the effectiveness of different scaffolding interventions in facilitating adolescents’ shift to more sophisticated mental models as indicated by both performance and process data. Ninety-three (N = 93) adolescents were randomly assigned to one of three scaffolding conditions (adaptive content and process scaffolding [ACPS], adaptive process scaffolding [APS], and no scaffolding [NS])...

This study investigated the impact of different modes of scaffolding on students who are learning science through a web-based collaborative inquiry project in authentic classroom settings and explored the interaction effects with students‟ characteristics. The intervention study aimed to improve domain-specific knowledge and metacognitive awareness during online information problem solving (IPS...

We have investigated determinants of polyhead formation in bacteriophage P22 in order to understand the molecular mechanism by which coat protein assembly goes astray. Polyhead assembly is caused by amino acid substitutions in coat protein at position 170, which is located in the β-hinge. In vivo scaffolding protein does not correct polyhead assembly by F170A or F170K coat proteins, but does fo...

Existing instruction websites record learners’ portfolios, they only collect the browsing time and homepage information, without directly provide teachers with more data for further analyzing learner behaviors. Consequently, this investigation uses the learners’ portfolio left in the e-learning environment, and adopts “data mining” techniques to establish for each cluster of learners the most a...

IRELAND Please address all correspondence (re paper and requests for reprints) to Tony Veale at the above address. Abstract Once viewed as a rhetorical and superficial language phenomenon, metaphor is now recognized to serve a fundamental role in our conceptual structuring and language comprehension processes. In particular, it is argued that certain experiential metaphors based upon intuitions...

Second language acquisition is facilitated when teachers provide the necessary assistance for learners through process of scaffolding. The study aimed at identifying scaffolding strategies EFL instructors use in writing classrooms Wollega University. Six were video recorded while teaching to first-year students Communicative English Skills II. video-recorded data transcribed and analyzed using ...

I propose to build a robot that can engage in simple but meaningful social exchanges with humans. In contrast to current works in robotics that focus on robot-robot interactions (Billard & Dautenhahn 1997), this work explores human-robot interactions whereby a socially sophisticated human assists the robot in acquiring more sophisticated communication skills. In addition, the human helps the ro...

ERK1/2 MAP Kinases become activated in response to multiple intra- and extra-cellular stimuli through a signaling module composed of sequential tiers of cytoplasmic kinases. Scaffold proteins regulate ERK signals by connecting the different components of the module into a multi-enzymatic complex by which signal amplitude and duration are fine-tuned, and also provide signal fidelity by isolating...

Sound is inherently a temporal and sequential signal. Experience with sound therefore may help bootstrap—that is, provide a kind of “scaffolding” for—the development of general cognitive abilities related to representing temporal or sequential patterns. Accordingly, the absence of sound early in development may result in disturbances to these sequencing skills. In support of this hypothesis, we...

We examined the relationship between pressure and age-related changes in decision-making using a task for which currently available rewards depend on the participant's previous history of choices. Optimal responding in this task requires the participant to learn how his or her current choices affect changes in the future rewards given for each option. Building on the scaffolding theory of aging...