“Which test provides the better measurement of intelligence, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) or the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV)?” is an important question to professional psychologists; however, it has become a critical issue in Atkins cases wherein courts are often presented with divergent Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) scores on the WAIS-III...

This paper proposes a novel shape representation “electric force features”, which is based on electric field theory. This representation has several benefits. First, it is invariant to scale and rigid transform. Second, it can represent complex and ill-defined models because of its physical background. 3D model supposed as charged body, we get the electric field force distribution by placing so...