Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) is a natural compound that is used mainly in numerous food preparations. During the last few decades, ACV has been used for various therapeutic purposes in different countries. One of its main applications by people in Iran and other countries has been as an oral traditional remedy to control chronic pain in arthritis. In this study, ACV’s effects on acute and chronic ...

background and objective: sciatic nerve transection is characterized by a rapid wave of motoneuron death associated with progressive synaptic lesions. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the long term synaptic changes. materials and methods: this basic study was carried out on paraffin- or resin-embedded tissue blocks for evaluation of synaptophysin and choline acetyl transaferase (chat) ...

An rodent animal model of pain offers a powerful tool in order to understand the mechanism involved in peripheral nerve injury for preclinical study of pain. A battery of neuropathic pain models has been developed to simulate the clinical pain conditions with diverse etiology. This article reviews some of the most widely used or promising new models for chronic pain. Partial spinal ligation, ch...

The medial part of the L4 and 5 dorsal horn in adult rats is dominated by afferents from the toes and foot. After transection of the sciatic and saphenous nerves, virtually all cells in this region are left without any peripheral receptive field. Beginning 4 to 5 days after nerve section, however, many peripherally deafferented cells take on a novel receptive field on the thigh, lower back, or ...

Fish oil (FO) is the main source of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), which display relevant analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Peripheral nerve injury is driven by degeneration, neuroinflammation, and neuronal plasticity which results in neuropathic pain (NP) symptoms such as allodynia and hyperalgesia. We tested the preventive effect of an EPA/DHA-concentrat...

The underlying mechanisms of neuropathic pain are poorly understood, and existing treatments are mostly ineffective. We recently demonstrated that antisense mediated "knock-down" of the sodium channel isoform, Na(V)1.8, reverses neuropathic pain behavior after L5/L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL), implicating a critical functional role of Na(V)1.8 in the neuropathic state. Here we have investigate...

BACKGROUND The glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 is abundantly expressed in astrocytes and is crucial for glutamate removal from the synaptic cleft. Decreases in glutamate uptake activity and expression of spinal glutamate transporters are reported in animal models of pathological pain. However, the lack of available specific inhibitors and/or activators for GLT-1 makes it difficult to determin...

Neuropathic pain is often "spontaneous" or "stimulus-independent." Such pain may result from spontaneous discharge in primary afferent nociceptors in injured peripheral nerves. However, whether axotomized primary afferent nociceptors give rise to pain is unclear. The rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) mediates the negative affective component of inflammatory pain. Whether the rACC integra...