the encyclopedia of islam (leiden) is one of the most important / out–standing appearance of a descriptive–historical or phenomenon–logical attitude to the western islamic studies. also it is considered the symbol of specialization in the studies. since history, culture and civilization of iran pre /after islam) and shi, ism are among the important topics of islamic studies, we show that how th...

the most important goal of clinical researches is publishing the results in order to improve human health. if the results will be accepted by the scientific community, researcher aim would be achieved at improving public health. a published article does not guarantee the acceptance of its findings by the scientific community, hence, research should be done by considering a scientific plan. due ...

As part of its 25th anniversary vision-setting process, the arXiv team at Cornell University Library conducted a user survey in April 2016 to seek input from the global user community about arXiv's current services and future directions. We were heartened to receive 36,000 responses from 127 countries, representing arXiv’s diverse, global community. The prevailing message is that users are happ...

1. The effects of towed bottom-fishing gear on benthic communities is the subject of heated debate, but the generality of trawl effects with respect to gear and habitat types is poorly understood. To address this deficiency we undertook a meta-analysis of 39 published fishing impact studies. 2. Our analysis shows that inter-tidal dredging and scallop dredging have the greatest initial effects o...

Research within Indigenous communities has been criticised for lacking community engagement, for being exploitative, and for poorly explaining the processes of research. To address these concerns, and to ensure 'best practice', Jamieson, et al. (2012) recently published a summary of principles outlined by the NHMRC (2003) in "one short, accessible document". Here we expand on Jamieson et al.'s ...

The South American continent is composed of several biogeographical regions harbouring the highest biodiversity on the globe, encompassing five of the world's biodiversity 'hot spots'. Nonetheless, the patterns and processes responsible for shaping its astonishing species diversity are largely unknown. Here, we present a review of current South American phylogeographical knowledge based on publ...

‘Scientific community’ is common currency in the study of science, largely due to Kuhn’s use of the term in his highly influential book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. As this article explains, however, ‘scientific community’ was not of Kuhn’s coining. It was hinted at by Peirce, and expressly designated by Royce. On a few occasions Fleck affirmed a scientific community, while Polanyi ...