For skill learning processes to be effective, they must encode associations that are inherent to the current task and avoid those that are spurious or particular to training conditions so that learning can transfer to novel situations. Some everyday contexts even require grouped responding to simultaneously presented stimuli. Here we test whether learning of these grouped responses depends on o...

The applications of and recent issues on life cycle assessment (LCA) for agriculture are reviewed in order to provide an integrated perspective on environmental and food safety issues. First, the relationship between the good agricultural practice (GAP) approach and LCA of agricultural production systems is discussed. Second, applications of LCA to agricultural production systems are surveyed m...

The ellipsoid body, a doughnut-shaped part of the fly brain, is essential for visual working memory. Gaseous second messengers establish a functional ellipsoid body and act as a short-term aid in orientation behavior.

Preand postsurveys were administered and analyzed regarding student knowledge of course content and attitudes concerned with the instruction for two groups of students for the same class—one taught completely in a traditional, face-to-face classroom setting and the other taught completely online with Blackboard and Second Life software products. Both groups were taught by the same instructor. R...

This article is organized around two research questions: (1) do small insurers exhibit a higher degree of information technology investment intensity (i.e., the ratio of information technology expense to total operating expense) than large insurers? and (2) to what extent does the level spending on information technology explain the degree of information technology investment intensity?. The ar...

The purpose of this study was to characterize the recovery pattern of sleep following simulated, four successive night shifts in ten healthy men (22.9 + or - 3.2 yr). Poor sleep was defined as sleep efficiency of 80% or lower as determined actigraphically. The results showed that four (rapid, slow, pseudo, and incomplete) patterns of sleep recovery were observed over three recovery sleep period...

Although experts should be well positioned to convey their superior knowledge and skill to novices, the organization of that knowledge, and particularly its level of abstraction, may make it difficult for them to do so. Using an electronic circuit-wiring task, the authors found that experts as compared with beginners used more abstract and advanced statements and fewer concrete statements when ...