Chronic cocaine use produces numerous biological changes in brain, but relatively few are functionally associated with cocaine reinforcement. Here we show that daily intravenous cocaine self-administration, but not passive cocaine administration, induces dynamic upregulation of the AMPA glutamate receptor subunits GluR1 and GluR2 in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of rats. Increases in GluR1 p...

The dopamine (DA) transporter is thought to be the primary mediator of reinforcing effects of cocaine. In the present study, an intravenous drug self-administration procedure, in vitro autoradiography, and HPLC methods were used to investigate possible differences in reinforcing and neuroadaptive responses to cocaine versus GBR-12909, a selective inhibitor of the DA transporter with a postulate...

International Journal of Remote Sensing Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713722504 Satellite-based precipitation estimation using watershed segmentation and growing hierarchical self-organizing map Y. Hong ab; Y. -M. Chiang c; Y. Liu d; K. -L. Hsu a; S. Sorooshian a a Center for Hydrometeorology...

INTRODUCTION Self-administration of medicines or dietary supplements without any physician's advice is a widespread behavior and appears to be more frequently practiced by women. Moreover, reasons to self-administer products are often pains and injuries especially among athletes who might also use remedies to improve physical performance. The objective of this study was thus to assess the preva...

Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant that exhibits significant abuse potential. Although METH addiction is a major health and societal concern, no drug is currently approved for its therapeutic management. METH activates the central dopaminergic "reward" circuitry, and with repeated use increases levels of the neuromodulatory peptide neurotensin in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegme...

Activity of single neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) of rats was recorded extracellularly on the 2nd and 15th days of intravenous cocaine self-administration. Each of the two electrophysiological recording sessions consisted of three successive phases: a pre-drug baseline recording period, a cocaine self-administration session, and a post-drug recording period. Firing of individual neuron...

Opioid peptides long have been hypothesized to play a role in ethanol reinforcement. Neuropharmacological studies have shown that opioid receptor antagonists decrease ethanol self-administration in rodents and prevent relapse in humans. However, the exact mechanism for such powerful effects has remained elusive. The availability of mu-opioid receptor knockout mice has made possible the direct e...