An electricity supply smart contract was developed and demonstrated to perform pre-time-of-use price negotiation between demand and generation and posttime-of-use settlement and payment. The smart contract was demonstrated with 1000 loads/generators with usages simulated using lognormal probability distributions. It combines payment of deposit, negotiation of price based on estimates, settlemen...

We model the ci il dispute resolution process as a two-stage game with the parties bargaining to reach a settlement in the first stage and then playing a litigation expenditure game at trial in the second stage. We find that the English rule shifts the settlement away from the interim fair and unbiased settlement in most circumstances. O erall welfare changes are in fa or of the party who makes...

In order to understand the load sharing and settlement reduction behaviour of piled raft resting on soft clay, 1g model tests were conducted on small-scale models. The parameters studied were the effect of pile length and number of piles. The load settlement behaviour obtained from the tests has been validated using simplified method (Polous & Davis). Equivalent pier concept of Poulos and Davis...

In nature, marine mussels (Mytilus edulis) suffer less fouling colonization on the newly formed sides of their shells. Using settlement assays with algal spores of Porphyra suborbiculata, we determined that spore attachment and germination on the periostracum decreased to 36.8 and 3.3 %, respectively. Additionally, the spore settlement was considerably diminished by periostracum dichloromethane...

After a pelagic larval phase, settlement-stage coral reef fish must locate a suitable reef habitat for juvenile life. Reef noise, produced by resident fish and invertebrates, provides an important cue for orientation and habitat selection during this process, which must often occur in environments impacted by anthropogenic noise. We adapted an established field-based protocol to test whether re...

After hatching, larvae of coral reef fishes experience a pelagic phase during which they are diurnal planktivores. It has been suggested that ultraviolet (UV) vision is beneficial for the detection of planktonic prey. Aims were therefore to investigate whether ocular media of pre-settlement reef fish differ from those of respective adults, and whether larvae have UV-transparent ocular media req...

Urban growth dynamics attracts the efforts of scientists from many different disciplines with objectives ranging from theoretical understanding to the development of carefully tuned realistic models that can serve as planning and policy tools. Theoretical models are often abstract and of limited applied value while most applied models yield little theoretical understanding. Here we present a ma...

This study analyzes the solar potential on roofs of residential buildings in the city of Hamburg as a function of the city's settlement genetic characteristics. Hamburg's solar cadaster is critically evaluated with regard to rooftops, building, and settlement types as well as building orientation. Based on building ground plans, building and settlement types are calculated using geometric and g...

Payment systems are one of the key Financial Market Infrastructures (FMIs) and have showed remarkable progress over the past two decades. The first half of this chapter focuses on the evolutionary process of payment systems, starting with the Deferred Net Settlement (DNS) system and progressing to the RealTime Gross Settlement (RTGS) system. Subsequently, much more sophisticated payment systems...