A characterization is given of the class of tree languages which can be generated by context-free hyperedge replacement (HR) graph grammars, in terms of macro tree transducers (MTTs). A similar characterization is given of the MSO deenable tree transductions.

Functional transductions realized by two-way transducers (equivalently, by streaming transducers and by MSO transductions) are the natural and standard notion of"regular"mappings from words to words. It was shown in 2013 that it is decidable if such a transduction can be implemented by some one-way transducer, but the given algorithm has non-elementary complexity. We provide an algorithm of dif...

To extend a natural concept of equivalence of sequences to two-sided infinite sequences, the notion of permutation transducer is introduced. Requiring the underlying automaton to be deterministic in two directions, it provides the means to rewrite bi-infinite sequences. The first steps in studying the ensuing hierarchy of equivalence classes of bi-infinite sequences are taken, by describing the...

Classes with bounded rankwidth are MSO-transductions of trees and classes linear paths – a result that shows strong link between the properties these graph considered from point view structural theory finite model theory. We take both views on prove theoretic classes. The results we obtain following. (1) number unlabeled graphs order n rank-width at most r is [(2r+1)(r+1)!2r23r+1]n (2) Graphs l...

Itch is the main chief complaint in patients visiting dermatologic clinics and has the ability to deeply impair life quality. Itch results from activation of cutaneous nerve endings by noxious stimuli such as inflammatory mediators, neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, causing itch signal transduction from peripheral skin, through the spinal cord and thalamus, to the brain cortex. Primarily non...

Tissue engineering requires tight control of stem cell function. Among many physical signals such as stretch and perfusion, geometrical cues have received much attention and have widely been recognized as an important factor in scaffold design. Here we review a variety of approaches that control stem cell fate at different levels of strictness, including micro-contact printing, microwells, dire...