Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm) sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Membrane rafts play an important role in viral infection cycles and viral virulence. Viruses are divided into four main classes, enveloped DNA virus, enveloped RNA virus, nonenveloped DNA virus, and nonenveloped RNA virus. General virus infection cycle is also classified into...

We consider the problem of evaluating in streaming (i.e. in a single left-toright pass) a nested word transduction with a limited amount of memory. A transduction T is said to be height bounded memory (HBM) if it can be evaluated with a memory that depends only on the size of T and on the height of the input word. We show that it is decidable in coNPTime for a nested word transduction defined b...

Denervation induces skeletal muscle atrophy, which primarily impairs oxidative slow twitch fibers. The underlying mechanism of this phenomenon, however, remains to be addressed. We hypothesize that denervation-induced fiber-specific atrophy may result from the distinct activities of different signaling pathways that are involved in protein synthesis and degradation in fast- and slow-twitch fibe...

The binding of oncostatin M (OM) to type I and type II receptor complexes elicits various biological responses by activating MEK/ERK and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Some OM effects are clinically desirable such as reducing hyperlipidemia through the activation of hepatic LDL receptor transcription, a downstream event of ERK activation. The OM pro-inflammatory responses via induction of acute p...

In formal language theory, two very different models sometimes turn out to describe the same class of languages. This usually shows that there is a fundamental concept described by those models. A well-known example is the class of regular languages, which can be characterized by logic (monadic second order (MSO) logic), algebra (syntactic monoids), and many computational models (automata). In ...

Objective(s): Therapeutic effect of many selectable methods applied in clinical practice for treating hypertrophic scar (HS) is not still so satisfactory. Meanwhile, a few medicines may lead to several undesirable complications. The traditional Chinese medicine, Rg3, has been reported for multiple antitumor effects previously. We have conducted series of animal experiments and confirmed the inh...