Coordination games often have multiple equilibria. The selection of equilibrium raises the question of belief formation: how do players generate beliefs about the behavior of other players? This paper takes the view that the answer lies in history, that is, in the outcomes of similar coordination games played in the past, possibly by other players. We analyze a simple model in which a large pop...

The ability to accurately assess others’ intents, beliefs, and emotions – called Theory of Mind (ToM) – is conjectured to be important for social cooperation. We study the role of ToM ability in fostering cooperation in the simultaneous and sequential prisoners dilemma (PD) games. Our norm-based model predicts that high ToM ability individuals will believe in more cooperation and cooperate at h...

Bidding in simultaneous auctions is challenging because an agent’s value for a good in one auction may depend on the outcome of other auctions; that is, bidders face an exposure problem. Given the gap in our understanding (e.g., lack of game-theoretic solutions) of general simultaneous auction games, previous works have tackled the problem of how to bid in these games with heuristic strategies ...

Background: The application of digital educational games in health professions education is on expansion and game-based education usage is increasing. Methods: Diverse databases were searched and the related papers were reviewed. Results: Considering the growing popularity of educational games in medical education, we attempted to classify their benefits, flaws, and engaging factors. Conclus...

Several notions of game enjoy a Nash-like notion of equilibrium without guarantee of existence. There are different ways of weakening a definition of Nash-like equilibrium in order to guarantee the existence of a weakened equilibrium. Nash’s approach to the problem for strategic games is probabilistic, i.e. continuous, and static. CP and BR approaches for CP and BR games are discrete and dynami...

background: mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) are ideal cells for cell and gene therapy. however, the low survival of mscs after transplantation has limited their applications. we aimed to evaluate the expression of cytoprotective genes including nqo1, txnrd1, ho-1, gclc following the over expression of nrf2 in umbilical cord-derived mscs (uc-mscs). methods: 3-5 passages of uc-mscs were cultured. r...

106 AI MAGAZINE RTS games — such as StarCraft by Blizzard Entertainment and Command and Conquer by Electronic Arts — are popular video games that can be described as real-time war simulations in which players delegate units under their command to gather resources, build structures, combat and support units, scout opponent locations, and attack. The winner of an RTS game usually is the player or...

Background: This study aimed to investigate and compare the social skills of students addicted to computer games with normal students. The dependent variable in the present study is the social skills. Methods: The study population included all the students in the second grade of public secondary school in the city of Isfahan at the educational year of 2009-2010. The sample size included 564 stu...

We consider infinite duration alternating move games. These games were previously studied by Roth, Balcan, Kalai and Mansour [10]. They presented an FPTAS for computing an approximated equilibrium, and conjectured that there is a polynomial algorithm for finding an exact equilibrium [9]. We extend their study in two directions: (1) We show that finding an exact equilibrium, even for two-player ...

We study the complexity of a class of Markov decision processes and, more generally, stochastic games, called 1-exit Recursive Markov Decision Processes (1-RMDPs) and Simple Stochastic Games (1-RSSGs) with strictly positive rewards. These are a class of finitely presented countable-state zero-sum stochastic games, with total expected reward objective. They subsume standard finite-state MDPs and...