Soil abiotic factors influence plant defensive traits by shaping the costs of defence production and these bottom-up effects on plants can in turn affect insect herbivory. However, few studies have disentangled direct indirect soil defences To address this gap, we tested seed predation via changes for sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum), a common coastal southern Spain whose seeds are consumed spec...

Honeybees use a variety of defence mechanisms to reduce disease infection and spread throughout the colony. Many of these defences rely on the collective action of multiple individuals to prevent, reduce or eradicate pathogens-often referred to as 'social immunity'. Glucose oxidase (GOX) and some antimicrobial peptides (e.g. defensin-1 or Def1) are secreted by the hypopharyngeal gland of adult ...

This paper uses insights from contemporary neuroscience and attachment theory to explore the profound dissociative defences associated with trauma. I discuss the effects of trauma on the emotional, intellectual and imaginative life of the individual and on the development of the self. Based on work with three patients with very different experiences of trauma, the paper offers clinical illustra...

We developed a novel active nanocarrier of common antibiotics, which can efficiently degrade biofilms resistant bacteria and bypass their defences.

Abstract Herbivorous insects have evolved various anti-predator defences, including morphological, behavioural, and immune which can make biocontrol of herbivorous pests challenging. Silicon (Si) accumulation in plants is a potent physical defence against mandibulate insects. However, it remains uncertain how Si affects the defences insect herbivores plant following herbivory. We grew model gra...