Although the Kalman filter (KF) is widely used in practice, its estimated results are optimal only when the system model is linear and the noise characteristics of the system are already exactly known. However, it is extremely difficult to satisfy such requirement since the uncertainty caused by the inertial instrument and the external environment, for instance, in the aided inertial navigation...

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To attain native-like competence, second language (L2) learners must establish mappings between familiar speech sounds and new phoneme categories. For example, Spanish learners of English must learn that [d] and [ð], which are allophones of the same phoneme in Spanish, can distinguish meaning in English (i.e., /deɪ/ "day" and /ðeɪ/ "they"). Because adult listeners are less sensitive to allophon...

The sign in the denominator is chosen so that the modulus of the Laguerre step at zk , viz. L zk ð Þ j j, is as small as possible. The method can be shown to be cubically convergent for isolated roots (real or complex) and linearly convergent for multiple roots. The routine generates a sequence of iterates z1; z2; z3; . . . , such that P zkþ1 ð Þ j j < P zk ð Þ j j and ensures that zkþ1 þ L zkþ...

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The pronunciation patterns of most speakers English as a second language are characterized by regional and ethnic phonological features their native language. This study sought to examine the consonant articulation Hausa in broadcasting industry Nigeria. The research was guided Optimality Theory framework (OT). Participants were drawn from four electronic m...

The term sorption is generally used to describe the initial penetration and the dispersal of the permeant molecules into food matrices (Chirife and Iglesias 1978) and, more generally, into all kinds of polymers (Naylor 1989; Tsujita 1992). This term includes adsorption, absorption into microvoids, and cluster formation. When a food matrix is placed in a humid atmosphere, the relationship betwee...

We prove that there exists a unique ellipse of minimal eccentricity, EI , inscribed in a parallelogram, Ð. We also prove that the smallest nonnegative angle between equal conjugate diameters of EI equals the smallest nonnegative angle between the diagonals of Ð. We also prove that if EM is the unique ellipse inscribed in a rectangle, R, which is tangent at the midpoints of the sides of R, then ...

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