In November 1983, NATO, during what became known as the Able Archer 83 exercise, rehearsed a nuclear response to a hypothetical Soviet attack on Western Europe. For many reasonsÑincluding the anticipated deployment of Pershing II and cruise missiles in EuropeÑSoviet intelligence was at that time actively preparing for a possible surprise nuclear missile attack by the West. Recently declassified...

Bacteriophage therapy is an important alternative to antibiotics in the current era of multidrug resistant pathogens. We reviewed the studies that dealt with the therapeutic use of phages from 1966-1996 and few latest ongoing phage therapy projects via internet. Phages were used topically, orally or systemically in Polish and Soviet studies. The success rate found in these studies was 80-95% wi...

Over the last decade or so, there has been a renewed interest in the problems of economic calculation under socialism and a rethinking of the classic socialist calculation debate of the interwar era. A great deal of this work has been stimulated by Don Lavoie's (1985) reinterpretation of the debate that suggested a fundamental misunderstanding of the Austrian argument. In addition, the general ...

Foreword As the other major spacefaring nation, the Soviet Union is a subject of interest to the American people and Congress in their deliberations concerning the future of U.S. space activities. In the course of an assessment of Civilian Space Stations, the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) has undertaken a study of the presence of Soviets in space and their Salyut space stations, in orde...

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Uzbekistan has struggled with the burden of a growing tuberculosis (TB) epidemic. A changing healthcare system and the stagnant economy have hindered efforts to produce sustainable, long-term change in the state of the disease. In particular, the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and HIVassociated TB in prisons has worsened tr...

United States power in Persian Gulf has risen since the end of Second World War. Dividing U.S. presence in the Region into the Cold war and post-Cold war era, the principle policy in first period was narrowing the impact of Soviet Union in the Region and in latter, Access to Persian Gulf region’s oil and controlling the major threats which can disrupt the flow of oil to global energy market. Fo...