nowadays family tkaful in islamic societies has been  studied as islamic financing tools and in detail as a legal institution based on the theory of common benefit – common loss and collective cooperation. likewise in some western countries, among the uk , family tkaful as risk financing tools has important role beside insurance in society risk  financing.  it's seems to be necessary, shia...

Shikimate can be utilized as the sole source of carbon and energy of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Although biosynthesis and degradation of shikimate are well characterized in C. glutamicum, the transport of shikimate has hardly been studied. A mutant strain deficient in cgR_2523 loses the ability to grow on shikimate as well as to consume extracellular shikimate, indicating that the gene is invo...

according to the most famous decrees from shia and sunni islamic jurists the blood money for a woman is half of that for a man. the islamic sentencing act which endorses this is derived from shia school of jurisprudence (article 300). the advocates of such ruling rely on some islamic texts but some of the sunni and shia jurists argue for equality between man and woman. this group of jurists, re...

Shigella spp. are the causative agent of bacillary dysentery. Infection results in acute colonic injury due to the host inflammatory response. The mediators of the damage, infiltrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), also resolve the infection. Shigella flexneri's virulence effectors are encoded on its large virulence plasmid and on pathogenicity islands in the chromosome. The SHI-2 pathoge...

annulment is one of the institutions of contract cancellation in shiite jurisprudence and law. one of the primary questions about every phenomenon is the question of the nature and character. although traditionally shiite jurists have held comparative and critical approaches toward the common views of sunni jurists about the nature of annulment, they have not typically looked at the nature of c...

abstractmuhammad asif mohseni, a shia religious authority and an afghan political activist, has recently published the second printing of his al-mu’jam al-ahadith al-mu’tabarah in 8 volumes. a new arrangement has been adopted regarding the jurisprudential and non-jurisprudential chapters of the book, which indicates the author’s stance toward the status of reason and science as well as the posi...