two of the most widely cited models in biodiversity research; niche partitioning and adaptive radiation. Many Amazonian fish genera are represented by 10 or more species living together — cheek by jowl — in multi-species assemblages. Even the specialist can hardly tell them apart; they often have very similar shapes and sizes, diets and microhabitats. In the face of this exuberance arguments fo...

Reaction-diffusion systems produce a variety of patterns such as spots, labyrinths, and rotating spirals. Circular spots may be stationary or unstable to oscillating motion. The oscillations are sometimes steady but may lead to collapsing or infinitely expanding spots. Using a singular perturbation technique we derive a set of ordinary differential equations for the dynamics of circular spots. ...

Two new species, Hypancistrus phantasma and Hypancistrus margaritatus, are described based on material from the Rio Negro drainage. Both species are distinguished from congeners by unique color patterns. Hypancistrus phantasma is described from the Rio Uaupes and differs from congeners by having a tan body with small dark spots (vs. dark with light spots or with saddles or stripes). Hypancistru...

background: dihydropyrimidinase related proteins (drps) have known homologous to the collapsing response mediator proteins (crmps). the drp gene family has comprised four members, drp 1, 2, 3, and 4, all out of which have considered to be involved in axonal outgrowth and path-finding. methods: the protein has extracted from tumor, normal brain tissues, and then the protein purity has evaluated ...

background: the aim of this study was to evaluate the protein spots of excre-tory - secretory products of fasciola hepatica using two dimension electrophoresis method in the presence and absence of triclabendazole drug which can be consid-ered to detect the target protein of the drug. methods: f. hepatica parasites were collected from infected cattle livers, divided in two groups and cultivated...