Azelastine nasal spray (Allergodil((R)), Lastin((R)), Afluon((R)); Meda AB, Stockholm, Sweden) is a fast-acting, efficacious and well-tolerated H1-receptor antagonist for the treatment of rhinitis. In addition it also has mast-cell stabilizing and anti-inflammatory properties, reducing the concentration of leukotrienes, kinins and platelet activating factor in vitro and in vivo, as well as infl...

INTRODUCTION ABSTRACT Particle depositional studies from nasal sprays are important for efficient drug delivery. The main influences on deposition involve the nasal cavity geometry and the nasal spray device of which its parameters are controlled by the product design. It is known that larger particle sizes (>>10μm) at a flow rate of 333 ml/s impact in the anterior portion of the nose, leaving ...

Considering prolongation of a Lie algebroid equipped with a spray, defining some classical tensors, we show that a Lie symmetry of a spray is a curvature collineation for these tensors.

A spray retention model was used in this study to explore theoretically the effect of a range of mixture surface tension on the spray retention and the variability of deposits. The spray retention model was based on an algorithm that tested whether droplets from a virtual nozzle intercepted a 3D plant model. If so, the algorithm determined the contribution of the droplet to the overall retentio...

Understanding and controlling mixing and combustion processes is fundamental in order to face the challenges set by the ever more demanding pollutant regulations and fuel consumption standards of direct injection diesel engines. The fundamentals of these processes haven been long studied by the diesel spray community from both experimental and numerical perspectives. However, certain topics, su...

This study was designed to determine if the present USDAARS spray-nozzle models, which were based on spray solutions of water plus non-ionic surfactant, could be used to estimate spray droplet-size data for different spray formulations through use of experimentally determined correction factors. Twelve spray-solution treatments were evaluated, ten of which contained a formulated glyphosate prod...

The increased concern about environmental effect of off-target deposits of pesticides use has resulted in the development of numerous spray drift models. Statistical models based on experimental field studies are used to estimate off-target deposits for different sprayers in various environmental conditions. Random-walk and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models have been used to predict the...

Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is used to minimize the risk of epidermal damage in various laser dermatological procedures such as treatment of port wine stain birthmarks and hair removal. However, the spray characteristics and combination of CSC and heating (laser) to obtain optimal treatments have not yet been determined. The distance between the nozzle tip and the skin surface for commercial de...

Spray drying is a process widely used to produce fruit juice powders. In powders, it results with the good quality, low water activity, easier transport and storage. The physicochemical properties of powders produced by spray drying depend on the variables of process and/or operating parameters. In the present review, the principle of spray drying was described. In addition, some factors such a...

After defining what is meant by a complex spray X on a complex manifold M , we introduce the notion of a spray complex curve associated to X. Several equivalent formulations are derived and we give necessary and sufficient conditions for M to admit spray complex curves for X through each point and in each direction. Refinements of this result are then derived for some special cases, for example...