This paper presents a novel hybrid particle-grid method that tightly couples Lagrangian particle approach with Eulerian grid approach to simulate multi-scale diffuse materials varying from disperse droplets to dissipating spray and their natural mixture and transition, originated from a violent (high-speed) liquid stream. Despite the fact that Lagrangian particles are widely employed for repres...

The influence of spray parameters on the microstructure and flexural strength of plasma-sprayed alumina was investigated. Coatings were applied using a small-particle plasma spray (SPPS) method, which is a recently patented process that allows submicrometer-sized powders to be sprayed. Using identical starting powders, coatings that were produced using two distinctly different spray conditions ...

The statistical behavior of droplets in a kerosene pressure-atomized spray was investigated under swirling and burning conditions. This case was studied in order to better understand individual droplet transport processes downstream of the fuel spray flame. A two-component phase-Doppler particle sizing system was employed to provide information on the droplet size and velocity distributions as ...

A nicotine mouth spray has advantages over other acute forms of nicotine replacement therapy, such as a faster uptake of nicotine and faster relief of craving. This multicentre, randomised (2:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study evaluated self-reported, carbon monoxide-verified continuous abstinence from smoking from week 2 until weeks 6, 24, and 52 in 479 smokers (≥ 1...

OBJECTIVE To examine the short-term effects of the nicotine patch or nasal spray on measures of nicotine exposure, withdrawal symptoms, and on maternal and fetal heart rates in pregnant smokers. METHODS We measured nicotine/cotinine concentrations and maternal and fetal heart rates during an 8-h monitoring session while smoking and again after 4 days of nicotine patch (15 mg/16 h), nasal spra...

BACKGROUND We studied the use of an aversive technique to improve the outcome of smoking-cessation efforts. We hypothesized that a silver acetate mouth spray, which produces a strong aversive taste when cigarettes are smoked, would increase the quit rate among smokers. METHODS Our study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that was carried out in a private family practice office in an...

Spray adjuvants can be employed in the foliar application of fertiliser to ensure adhesion of aqueous sprays to the waxy surfaces of foliage (wetters), to improve coverage of spray on foliage (spreaders), to minimise weathering of fertiliser deposits on foliage (stickers/extenders), and to increase the uptake of fertiliser into foliage (humectants, pH modifiers, and penetrants). Even with impro...

We thank the RANX05 Colorectal Cancer Study Group for the collection of the plasma samples. Contributors: HJN and NB had the original idea for and planned the study. HJN was also responsible for collecting the samples and patient data. FM established the database and participated in planning the clinical trial. JG-H developed the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and analysed all the samples. I...

[1] Sea spray droplets are known to enhance the fluxes of momentum, heat, and mass at the air-sea interface. Evaluating these fluxes depends in part on the so-called “spray generation function”, the size distribution of droplets generated. At high wind speeds, spray is empirically observed to be plentiful near the ocean surface, however, the generation function has remained elusive both theoret...