The present study constitutes a crucial step towards the development of a CAD based intelligent spray quetiching system capable of optimizing the mechanical properties (strength, hardness) of agehardenable aluminum alloys. The quenching of an L-shaped aluminum alloy with multiple, partially overlapping spray nozzles was successfully modeled using the finite element method. Spray heat transfer c...

We present a comprehensive look at a sample of bear spray incidents that occurred in Alaska, USA, from 1985 to 2006. We analyzed 83 bear spray incidents involving brown bears (Ursus arctos; 61 cases, 74%), black bears (Ursus americanus; 20 cases, 24%), and polar bears (Ursus maritimus; 2 cases, 2%). Of the 72 cases where persons sprayed bears to defend themselves, 50 (69%) involved brown bears,...

Arterial blood gas (ABG) sampling is a painful procedure with no perfect technique for quelling the discomfort. An ideal local anesthesia should be rapid, easy to learn, inexpensive, and noninvasive. This study was aimed to compare pain levels from ABG sampling performed with vapocoolant spray in comparison to placebo. We hypothesized that pretreatment with the vapocoolant would reduce the pain...

OBJECTIVE The study was conducted to compare povidone-iodine spray and traditional scrub-paint techniques in reducing abdominal wall bacteria during preoperative preparation. STUDY DESIGN Sixty patients scheduled to undergo vaginal surgery were recruited for study. Cultures of the abdominal skin were performed before and after preparation with two techniques: A traditional 5-minute iodophor s...

A laboratory study assessed the impacts of water spray pressure, face ventilation quantity, and line brattice setback distance on respirable dust and SF6 tracer gas concentrations around a continuous mining machine using a sprayfan or directional spray system. Dust levels were measured at locations representing the mining machine operator and the standard and off-standard shuttle car operators,...

OBJECTIVE(S) This study was performed aiming to investigate the effect of particle engineering via spray drying of hydroalcoholic solution on solid states and physico-mechanical properties of acetaminophen. MATERIALS AND METHODS Spray drying of hydroalcoholic solution (25% v/v ethanol/water) of acetaminophen (5% w/v) in the presence of small amounts of polyninylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP) (0, 1.25,...

There are two important aspects to good injector performance in rocket engines—the atomization performance (droplet size and distribution, for example) and uniformity of operation (even distribution of droplets in time and space). In general, both of these aspects are affected by the geometry and operating conditions of the injector. In studying atomization performance, prior work has largely f...

The porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) antibody and DNA status of porcine plasma products collected during the commercial spray-drying process were evaluated. Samples evaluated included 52 pooled liquid plasma (fresh) samples collected at 14 regional abattoirs before transport to 1 of 2 spray-drying facilities, 32 pooled liquid plasma (concentrated) samples collected after arrival at the spray-dr...