Stroke causes loss of neurological function. Recovery after stroke is facilitated by forced use of the affected limb and is associated with sprouting of new connections, a process that is sharply confined in the adult brain. We show that ephrin-A5 is induced in reactive astrocytes in periinfarct cortex and is an inhibitor of axonal sprouting and motor recovery in stroke. Blockade of ephrin-A5 s...

Angiogenesis is controlled by signals that stimulate motility in endothelial cells at the tips of vascular sprouts while maintaining cell-cell adhesion in the stalks of angiogenic sprouts. We show here that Gs-linked G protein–coupled receptor activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) plays an important role in regulating the switch between endothelial cell adhesion and migration by act...

IgG kappa paraproteinaemia was discovered in one patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and one with chronic spinal muscular atrophy. Serum from these patients was injected into mouse muscles paralysed by botulinum toxin which is known to induce sprouting from motor nerve terminals. Daily injection of serum for 7 days failed to inhibit terminal sprouting. It is concluded that the paraprotei...

Current therapy for patients with hereditary absence of cochlear hair cells, who have severe or profound deafness, is restricted to cochlear implantation, a procedure that requires survival of the auditory nerve. Mouse mutations that serve as models for genetic deafness can be utilized for developing and enhancing therapies for hereditary deafness. A mouse with Pou4f3 loss of function has no ha...

Angiogenesis is controlled by signals that stimulate motility in endothelial cells at the tips of vascular sprouts while maintaining cell-cell adhesion in the stalks of angiogenic sprouts. We show here that Gs-linked G protein-coupled receptor activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) plays an important role in regulating the switch between endothelial cell adhesion and migration by act...

Under pathophysiological conditions in adults, endothelial cells (ECs) sprout from pre-existing blood vessels to form new ones by a process termed angiogenesis. During embryonic development, Apelin (APLN) is robustly expressed in vascular ECs. In adult mice, however, APLN expression in the vasculature is significantly reduced. Here we show that APLN expression is reactivated in adult ECs after ...

Partial denervation or paralysis with botulinum toxin, manipulations that induce sprouting of nerve terminals in muscle, also induced terminal Schwann cells to extend processes. These processes were associated with every nerve sprout and in some cases were longer than the sprouts that appeared to be growing along them. Following partial denervation, more than 70% of the nerve sprouts that grew ...

Axons of lateral nociceptive (N) neurons in leech segmental ganglia wrap certain somata in adjacent ganglia but no somata in their own ganglion. In adults, the N neurons, which accurately regenerate axosomatic wrappings, can be induced to sprout in their own ganglion and wrap target homologues if the ganglion is isolated by cutting the nerve cord. Manipulations that denervate the new targets wi...

Current in vitro systems mimicking bone tissues fail to fully integrate the three-dimensional (3D) microvasculature and bone tissue microenvironments, decreasing their similarity to in vivo conditions. Here, we propose 3D microvascular networks in a hydroxyapatite (HA)-incorporated extracellular matrix (ECM) for designing and manipulating a vascularized bone tissue model in a microfluidic devic...

Sprouting angiogenesis, crucial for the development of new blood vessels, is a prime example of collective migration in which endothelial cells migrate as a group joined via cadherin-containing adherens junctions (AJ). The actomyosin apparatus is connected to AJ and generates contractile forces, which, depending on their strength and duration, increase or decrease cell cohesion. Thus, appropria...