The complex process of coagulation that leads to hemostasis has been described by several models in the past, the most popular of which was the cascade model. Though the cascade model (with intrinsic, extrinsic and common pathway) was a good description of this process in vivo, it fails to account for several experimental and clinical findings that have come to light in the last few decades. Th...

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are well-ordered, single-molecule-thick structures in two dimensions, which form spontaneously at interfaces (usually at solid surfaces). SAMs have been used for controlling physical properties of interfaces, such as wetting, adhesion, lubrication, and corrosion, as well as understanding fundamental aspects of interfacial phenomena. In addition, SAMs comprise an...

Pedestrian detection has been an important problem for decades, given its relevance to a number of applications in robotics, including driver assistance systems, road scene understanding and surveillance systems. The two main practical requirements for fielding such systems are very high accuracy and real-time speed: we need pedestrian detectors that are accurate enough to be relied on and are ...

tehran is located in a valley at the foot of the alborz mountains in northern iran (35 degrees latitude north). urban expansion in tehran resulted from a high rate of population growth and rural-urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital. airborne particulate of tehran's atmosphere was fractionated in a 6-stage high-volume cascade impactor. the first ...

Significance: The authors developed a gold-catalyzed hydroamination followed by an asymmetric nucleophilic allylic substitution cascade to access oxazino[4,3-a]indoles in good yields and enantioselectivities. Owing to pharmacologically active indole alkaloids, this rapid synthesis and asymmetric decoration of the polycyclic indolyl core is highly important. Comment: Amazingly, the stereodiffere...

The plant pathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis induces disease only in its dikaryotic stage that is generated after mating. This process involves coordinated cAMP and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling to regulate transcriptional as well as morphological responses. Among the induced products is the key regulator for pathogenic development. Recent advances identified crucial nodes that int...

A general process of the immune system consists of effector stage and memory stage. Current theoretical studies of the immune system often focus on the memory stage and pay less attention on the function of non-immune system substances such as tissue cells in adjusting the dynamical behavior of the immune system. We propose a mathematical population model to investigate the interaction between ...