Given a target probability of functional failure on demand for a system, a corresponding dangerous failure rate for the system can be derived, provided that a proof-test interval for the function is known. IEC 61508, and related standards, requires that this calculation be performed, for certain kinds of systems that are required to provide safety functionality on demand. This paper explains wh...

We present a formal, mathematical model of argument structure and evaluation, taking seriously the procedural and dialogical aspects of argumentation. The model applies proof standards to determine the acceptability of statements on an issue-by-issue basis. The model uses different types of premises (ordinary premises, assumptions and exceptions) and information about the dialectical status of ...

Theorem 4.5 of [2], describing the topological type of the zeros of the flow ṡ = ζ(s) at reflected points off the critical line, claiming they were the same, contains an error. We gratefully acknowledge Professor Cevat Gökcek for pointing out the error to us. In some circumstances the types will never be the same. Indeed, it appears to be unlikely that a fixed formal relationship will exist bet...

Lévy driven term structure models have become an important subject in the mathematical finance literature. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the Lévy driven Heath–Jarrow–Morton type term structure equation. This includes a full proof of existence and uniqueness in particular, which seems to have been lacking in the finance literature so far.

This article points out a gap between two natural formulations of the concept of a proof of knowledge, and shows that in all natural cases (e.g., NP-statements) this gap can be bridged. The aforementioned formulations differ by whether they refer to (all possible) probabilistic or deterministic prover strategies. Unlike in the rest of cryptography, in the current context, the obvious transforma...

A contract with multiple agents may be susceptible to collusion. We show that agents’ collusion can be prevented at no cost in a large class of circumstances with risk neutral agents — virtually all circumstances with uncorrelated types and a broad set of circumstances with correlated types. In those circumstances, an optimal outcome in the absence of collusion can be made collusion proof, in a...

We describe an environment that allows the users of the Theorema system to flexibly control aspects of computer-supported proof development. The environment supports the display and manipulation of proof trees and proof situations, logs the user activities (commands communicated with the system during the proving session), and presents (also unfinished) proofs in a human-oriented style. In part...

abstract objective: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (homa-ir) is a simple and practical method for estimation of insulin resistance (ir), but a reliable reference interval (ri) of homa-ir is needed to deduce the threshold level to define ir. this ri has been controversial in different populations and even more divergent when considering factors like age, gender and body mass ...

background: the first stage of the accreditation, process as the most important way of assurance and improvement of the quality of high education process is collection of standards. to describe present and desirable quality of nursing and midwifery postgraduate education via accreditation process in iran, we decided to compile applicable standards in this field, using available international st...

introduction: providing high quality care in emergency room is highly critical. this research was planned to compare emergency room standards of the iranian ministry of health with those of iso9001 (version 2000) method: this descriptive study compared iso 9001 standards with items listed in booklet- a1 (iranian ministry of health standards for emergency departments). expert views were sought f...