Backgound: Having been influenced by the trend of internationalization of higher education, most universities in Taiwan have implemented an English benchmark requirement for graduation, which requires students to demonstrate their English ability at a specified Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) level through taking a standardized English language test (e.g., GEPT, IELT...

Globalization has made English more important than ever. Through time, curriculum designers and teacher practitioners remain steadfast in finding ways to advance the quality of student learning. To ascertain language teaching learning, parameters like standardized tests are set. This paper examined, at cross-country level, difference between 2009 2013 Test as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) iBT scor...

A key piece of a validity argument for language assessment tool is clear overlap between tasks and the target use (TLU) domain (i.e., description inference). The TOEFL 2000 Spoken Written Academic Language (T2K-SWAL) corpus, which represents variety academic registers disciplines in traditional learning environments (e.g., lectures, office hours, textbooks, course packs), has served as an impor...