Planetary topography can either be modeled as a load supported by the lithosphere, or as a dynamical effect due to lithospheric flexure caused by mantle convection. In both cases the response of the lithosphere to external forces can be calculated with the theory of thin elastic plates or shells. On one-plate planets the spherical geometry of the lithospheric shell plays an important role in th...

Although inflammatory polyposis of the colon is a recognized local complication of ulcerative colitis, giant inflammatory polyposis that totally obliterates the colonic lumen is uncommon, and most of the patients have been from Western countries. We report a Japanese man who had localized giant inflammatory polyposis that obstructed the retrograde flow of barium in a double-contrast barium enem...