A biosimilar product needs to demonstrate biosimilarity to the originator reference product, and the quality profile of the latter should be monitored throughout the period of the biosimilar's development to match the quality attributes of the 2 products that relate to efficacy and safety. For the development of a biosimilar version of trastuzumab, the reference product, Herceptin®, was extensi...

We provide a necessary and sufficient condition for strict local minimisers of differences of convex (DC) functions, as well as related results pertaining to characterisation of (non-strict) local minimisers, and uniqueness of global minimisers.

In 1926, Ernst Mally proposed the first system of deontic logic. His system turned out to be unacceptable. How can it be repaired? We discuss several proposals to reformulate it in terms of strict implication, relevant implication and strict relevant implication.

The untilmodality of temporal logic “A until B” is called strict in its first argument when it does not constrain the value of the first argument A at the instant at which the formula is evaluated. In this paper, we show that linear metric temporal logics with bounded until modalities that are non-strict in the first argument are as expressive as those with strict modalities, when interpreted o...

1 Introduction 2 Defining conditionals 2.1 What is a conditional? 2.2 The marking of conditionals 3 Structural issues 3.1 The position of merger of the if-clause 3.1.1 If-clauses as adverbial clauses 3.1.2 Height of attachment 3.1.3 A source for sentence-initial if-clauses 3.2 Clause-internal syntax of the if-clause 3.2.1 The location of if 3.2.2 The conditional–interrogative link 3.2.3 The abs...

The incident angle of ground motion is one of the sources of uncertainty in the seismic response of buildings. Moreover, understanding the structural response to the impose ground motion may cause significant changes in the maximum response of buildings. In order to investigate the effect of the spatial distribution of orthogonal components of earthquake strong motion on the structural response...

This paper develops a theory of interpersonal status hierarchies that builds on and challenges traditional models of cumulative advantage. Cumulative advantage models predict stability in interpersonal status hierarchies, where status is defined by asymmetries in social relationships. According to strict cumulative advantage, initial status differences are exaggerated over time, making upward o...

We analyze a directed variation of the book embedding problem when the page partition is prespecified and the nodes on the spine must be in topological order (upward book embedding). Given a directed acyclic graph and a partition of its edges into k pages, can we linearly order the vertices such that the drawing is upward (a topological sort) and each page avoids crossings? We prove that the pr...

Theoretical codes (TC’s) are the abstract models that emerge during the sorting of mature memos in to a potential substantive theory. They conceptualize the integration of substantive codes into hypotheses of a substantive theory. The researcher is challenged to staying open to their emergence and earned relevance rather than their preconceived forcing, which is very strong. They not only bring...

We examine the notion of conditionals and the role of conditionals in inductive logics and arguments. We identify three mistakes commonly made in the study of, or motivation for, non-classical logics. A nonmonotonic consequence relation based on evidential probability is formulated. With respect to this acceptance relation some rules of inference of System P are unsound, and we propose refineme...