Probabilistic models are widely used in evolutionary and related algorithms. In Genetic Programming (GP), the Probabilistic Prototype Tree (PPT) is often used as a model representation. Drift due to sampling bias is a widely recognised problem, and may be serious, particularly in dependent probability models. While this has been closely studied in independent probability models, and more recent...

a total of 2519 blood samples were collected from five distinct populations of larestan, in fars province, in iran (lar, gerash, khour, latifi and berake) were examined for abo and rh blood groups. the gene frequencies obtained from these samples were compared with the hitherto reported corresponding data from other populations of fars province to determine the genetic structure of the larestan...

Multiparental populations are innovative tools for fine mapping large numbers of loci. Here we explored the application of a wheat Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross (MAGIC) population for QTL mapping. This population was created by 12 generations of free recombination among 60 founder lines, following modification of the mating system from strict selfing to strict outcrossing using th...

The development of symbolic algebra transformed civilization. Since algebra is a recent cultural invention, however, algebraic reasoning must build on a foundation of more basic capacities. Past work suggests that spatial representations of number may be part of that foundation, but recent studies have failed to find relations between spatial-numerical associations and higher mathematical skill...

Abstract. Changes in Arctic sea ice thickness are the result of complex interactions dynamic and variable cover with atmosphere ocean. Most exiting Ocean does so through Fram Strait, which is why long-term measurements at end Transpolar Drift provide insight into integrated signals thermodynamic influences along pathways ice. We present an updated summer (July–August) time series extensive surv...

We consider a stochastic control problem where the set of strict (classical) controls is not necessarily convex, and the system is governed by a nonlinear stochastic differential equation, in which the control enters both the drift and the diffusion coefficients. By introducing a new approach, we establish necessary as well as sufficient conditions of optimality for two models. The first concer...

We consider a stochastic control problem where the set of strict (classical) controls is not necessarily convex and the the variable control has two components, the first being absolutely continuous and the second singular. The system is governed by a nonlinear stochastic differential equation, in which the absolutely continuous component of the control enters both the drift and the diffusion c...

From the last 1.5 decades of complying with the strict standardized thermogram interpretation protocols by proper infrared trained personnel as documented in literature, breast thermography has achieved an average sensitivity and specificity of 90%. An abnormal thermogram is reported as the significant biological risk marker for the existence of or continues development of breast tumor. This re...

We study an evolutionary language game that describes how signals become associated with meaning. In our context, a language, L, is described by two matrices: the P matrix contains the probabilities that for a speaker certain objects are associated with certain signals, while the Q matrix contains the probabilities that for a listener certain signals are associated with certain objects. We defi...

The glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH, EC 1.4.1.3) reaction is almost universally used for the determination of ammonia. Some kit manufacturers specify either heparinized or EDTA plasma, whereas others recommend EDTA only, but without saying why. The procedure in Volume 9 of Selected Methods in Clinical Chemisty (1) requires EDTA but does not discuss the consequences of substituting heparin. We hav...