Few studies in medical education have studied effect of quality of motivation on performance. Self-Determination Theory based on quality of motivation differentiates between Autonomous Motivation (AM) that originates within an individual and Controlled Motivation (CM) that originates from external sources. To determine whether Relative Autonomous Motivation (RAM, a measure of the balance betwee...

Information security culture must be considered as part of the information security programme to direct employee behaviour. Such a culture can contribute to the protection of information and minimise the risk that employee behaviour poses. This paper proposes a theoretical model, i.e. an information security culture model (ISCM) with four mechanisms (i.e. management, policies, awareness and com...

Data sets in social and behavioural sciences are seldom normal. Influential cases or outliers can lead to inappropriate solutions and problematic conclusions in structural equation modelling. By giving a proper weight to each case, the influence of outliers on a robust procedure can be minimized. We propose using a robust procedure as a transformation technique, generating a new data matrix tha...

Note: This paper introduces the frequentist, maximum likelihood based form of ctsem. For the Bayesian implementation, see Hierarchical Bayesian Continuous Time Dynamic Modelling and Introduction to Hierarchical Continuous Time Dynamic Modelling With ctsem. We introduce ctsem (Driver, Oud, and Voelkle 2017), an R package for continuous time structural equation modelling of panel (N > 1) and time...

Even though data sets in psychology are seldom normal, the statistics used to evaluate covariance structure models are typically based on the assumption of multivariate normality. Consequently, many conclusions based on normal theory methods are suspect. In this paper, we develop test statistics that can be correctly applied to the normal theory maximum likelihood estimator. We propose three ne...

Recent years, structural equation modelling (SEM) has become one of the most used multivariate data analysis techniques in information systems (IS) research. Although textbooks and guidelines on the application of SEM have been published, the increasing use of SEM in the domain calls for an updated review of its use within IS research. With this article, we aim to contribute to a more consisten...

OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with high rates of psychiatric comorbidity. Existing theories consider comorbidity as a consequence of PTSD (model 1), PTSD and comorbidity as a consequence of shared factors of vulnerability (model 2), and comorbidity as a consequence of trauma-type specific mechanisms (model 3). METHOD To compare the explanatory value of these mod...

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping often results in data on a number of traits that have well-established causal relationships. Many multi-trait QTL mapping methods that account for correlation among the multiple traits have been developed to improve the statistical power and the precision of QTL parameter estimation. However, none of these methods are capable of incorporating the causal st...

This paper is about the structural equation modelling of quantitative measures that are obtained from a multiple facet design. A facet is simply a set consisting of a finite number of elements. It is assumed that measures are obtained by combining each element of each facet. Methods and traits are two such facets, and a multitrait-multimethod study is a two-facet design. We extend models that w...

The leaf economics spectrum (LES) is a prominent ecophysiological paradigm that describes global variation in leaf physiology across plant ecological strategies using a handful of key traits. Nearly a decade ago, Shipley et al. (2006) used structural equation modelling to explore the causal functional relationships among LES traits that give rise to their strong global covariation. They conclud...