Recent animal studies reveal ascending nociceptive and descending modulatory pathways that may contribute to the affective-motivational aspects of pain and play a critical role in the modulation of pain. In humans, a reliable pattern of cerebral activity occurs during the subjective experience of pain. Activity within the anterior cingulate cortex and possibly in other classical limbic structur...

Information, Uncertainty, and Subjective Entitlements in Bargaining More often than not production processes are the joint endeavor of people having different abilities and productivities. Such production processes and the associated surplus production are often not fully transparent in the sense that the relative contributions of involved agents are blurred; either by lack of information about...

Questions have long been posed with about whether we might one day be able to create systems that experience subjective states similar to those experienced by people. The challenge of understanding and explaining conscious experience extends well beyond discussions among philosophers. Many people, including AI scientists pursuing principles of automated reasoning and decision making, and neurob...

Recent animal studies reveal ascending nociceptive and descending modulatory pathways that may contribute to the affective–motivational aspects of pain and play a critical role in the modulation of pain. In humans, a reliable pattern of cerebral activity occurs during the subjective experience of pain. Activity within the anterior cingulate cortex and possibly in other classical limbic structur...

Evaluation measures, objective and subjective, are used to assist users in finding interesting association rules. Objective measures are more general, but they can be insufficient because they do not consider user’s and domain features. However, getting user’s knowledge and interest needed to calculate subjective measures can be a difficult task. Thus, this work presents a methodology to identi...

Three major puzzles, described later in this section, have captured the attention of macroeconomic finance: the equity-premium, riskfreerate and equity-volatility puzzles. A common strand of these three asset-return puzzles is that markets are behaving as if investors fear some unknown hidden randomness that isn’t obvious from the data. People are acting in the aggregate like there is much more...

Philosophers and psychologists have experimentally explored various aspects of people’s understandings of subjective experience based on their responses to questions about whether robots “see red” or “feel frustrated,” but the intelligibility of such questions may well presuppose that people understand robots as experiencers in the first place. Departing from the standard approach, I develop an...

OBJECTIVE Associations between subjective experience of control and the use of self-initiated coping strategies were examined in patients with psychotic symptoms. METHOD Twenty-three patients were interviewed to assess (i) the subjective experience of distress with and control over symptoms and (ii) the coping strategies used. RESULTS There was a positive association between coping type and...

Thorough understanding of subjective and objective measurements of speech-based interaction, especially of its user experience, is vital for practical application development. We present findings from two case studies where multimodal applications containing speech input were evaluated using a subjective evaluation methodology. Responses were investigated using both correlation analysis and exp...