BACKGROUND Informed consent in medical practice is essential and a global standard that should be sought at all the times doctors interact with patients. Its intensity would vary depending on the invasiveness and risks associated with the anticipated treatment. To our knowledge there has not been any systematic review of consent practices to document best practices and identify areas that need ...

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 174 I. A PRIVATE RIGHT OF ACTION FOR TREATMENT BUT NOT RESEARCH .......................................................................... 177 A. Informed Consent to Treatment ............................... 177 B. Informed Consent to Research .................................. 183 II. THE EVOLVING RESEARC...

INTRODUCTION • 2 I. THE REMARKABLE CASE OF JOHN/JOAN • 5 II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SURGICAL STANDARD OF CARE • 12 A. Standards of Care Within the Medical Community • 12 B. The Surgical Standard in Treatment ofAmbiguous Genitalia . 16 C. Standard Care and Malpractice Claims 27 III. PARENTAL CONSENT TO GENITAL SURGERY AND SEX REASSIGNMENT ON BEHALF OF CHILDREN • 34 A. The Doctrine of Informed Cons...

The process of informed consent remains a constant challenge in clinical research. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the understanding of researchers and members of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) regarding the essential elements of an Informed Consent Form (ICF) as required by internationally recognized regulations. Using eight case studies to illustrate basic ethical elements, t...

That people should only be enrolled in medical research if they have given free and informed consent is now an unquestioned principle of research ethics. It is however a recent innovation. Prior to the prominence given to consent to participation in research in the condemnation of German doctors arraigned at Nuremberg in 1945, informed consent had appeared in American litigation, but only as an...

The aim of this article was to reflect about the Free and Informed Consent (IC) in qualitative researches in the health field. Coming from the experience of being part of a CER (Committee for Ethic in Research) in the health area the authoresses place in debate some important questions, exploring them and conducting suggestions. One of these questions and topic of analysis is the meaning of IC,...

Most differences, shortcomings and contradictions regarding voluntary informed consent for participation in clinical research relate to the South African-specific guidance documents, i.e. South African Guidelines for Good Practice in the Conduct of Clinical Trials with Human Participants in South Africa (2006) and Ethics in Health Research: Principles, Structures and Processes (2004). These doc...

In the absence of consent from the patient, in theory, every surgical procedure could be considered a criminal offence. Until recently, the patient's consent was considered to have been implicitly granted as long as he or she presented at the appointed date for an elective surgical procedure. This situation no longer prevails and a patient's consent now has to be explicitly and formally granted...

introduction: the purpose of the screening of fetal anomalies in pregnancy is empowering women to make an informed choice and reduce uncertainty in decision making. on the other hand, screening may cause worry and anxiety in pregnant women. this study was conducted with aim to determine the relationship between informed choice in pregnant women about screening of fetal anomalies with worry and ...