In layered networks, a single failure at a lower layer may cause multiple failures in the upper layers. As a result, traditional schemes that protect against single failures may not be effective in cross-layer networks. A cross layer network with logical and physical topologies, the survivable logical topology routing problem is to route each link in the logical layer with a path in the physica...

Network restoration is often done at the electronic layer by rerouting traffic along a redundant path. With Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) as the underlying physical layer, it is possible that both the primary and backup paths traverse the same physical links and would fail simultaneously in the event of a link failure. It is therefore critical that lightpaths are routed in such a way t...

Survivable systems—that is, systems that can continue to provide service despite failures, intrusions, and other threats—are increasingly needed in a wide variety of civilian and military application areas. As a step toward realizing such systems, this paper advocates the use of redundancy and adaptation to build survivable services that can provide core functionality for implementing survivabi...

Given a telecommunication network, modeled by a graph with capacities, we are interested in comparing the behavior and usefulness of two information propagation schemes, namely multicast and network coding, when the aforementioned network is subject to single arc failure. We consider the case with a single source node and a set of terminal nodes. The problem of studying the maximum quantity of ...

Current Byzantine-fault-tolerant survivable systems [5, 6] rely on strong theoretical properties to guarantee survivability. Evaluations of such systems generally focus on the performance overhead of the mechanisms in the fault-free case: a metric that, in itself, is not a good evaluator of survivability. This dearth of metrics makes the objective comparison of the survivability of different im...

BACKGROUND Norway has been contributing military forces to Afghanistan since 2001. The following is an overview of all combat-related injuries and deaths among Norwegian soldiers in the period from 2002 to 2010. MATERIAL AND METHOD All medical records for Norwegian military personnel in Afghanistan in the period to January 2011 were reviewed and those who fell or were injured during combat we...

BACKGROUND Effective combat trauma management strategies depend upon an understanding of the epidemiology of death on the battlefield. METHODS A panel of military medical experts reviewed photographs and autopsy and treatment records for all Special Operations Forces (SOF) who died between October 2001 and November 2004 (n = 82). Fatal wounds were classified as nonsurvivable or potentially su...

Network restoration is often done at the electronic layer by rerouting traffic along a redundant path. With Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) as the underlying physical layer, it is possible that both the primary and backup paths traverse the same physical links and would fail simultaneously in the event of a link failure. It is therefore critical that lightpaths are routed in such a way t...